Delta-5 desaturases and their use in making polyunsaturated fatty acids

ABSTRACT

Isolated nucleic acid fragments and recombinant constructs comprising such fragments encoding delta-5 desaturases along with a method of making long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) using these delta-5 desaturases in plants are disclosed.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/915,733, filed May 3, 2007, the entire content of which is hereinincorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is in the field of biotechnology, in particular, thispertains to polynucleotide sequences encoding delta-5 desaturases andthe use of these desaturases in making long-chain polyunsaturated fattyacids (PUFAs).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The importance of PUFAs is undisputed. For example, certain PUFAs areimportant biological components of healthy cells and are recognized as:“essential” fatty acids that cannot be synthesized de novo in mammalsand instead must be obtained either in the diet or derived by furtherelongation and desaturation of linoleic acid (LA; 18:2 ω-6) orα-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 ω-3); constituents of plasma membranes ofcells, where they may be found in such forms as phospholipids ortriacylglycerols; necessary for proper development (particularly in thedeveloping infant brain) and for tissue formation and repair; and,precursors to several biologically active eicosanoids of importance inmammals (e.g., prostacyclins, eicosanoids, leukotrienes,prostaglandins). Additionally, a high intake of long-chain ω-3 PUFAsproduces cardiovascular protective effects (Dyerberg et al., Amer. J.Clin. Nutr. 28:958-966 (1975); Dyerberg et al., Lancet. 2(8081):117-119(1978); Shimokawa, H., World Rev. Nutr. Diet 88:100-108 (2001); vonSchacky et al., World Rev. Nutr. Diet 88:90-99 (2001)). Numerous otherstudies document wide-ranging health benefits conferred byadministration of omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFAs against a variety ofsymptoms and diseases (e.g., asthma, psoriasis, eczema, diabetes,cancer).

Today, a variety of different hosts including plants, algae, fungi andyeast are being investigated as means for commercial PUFA production vianumerous divergent efforts. Although the natural PUFA-producingabilities of the host organisms are sometimes essential to a givenmethodology, genetic engineering has also proven that the naturalabilities of some hosts (even those natively limited to LA and ALA fattyacid production) can be substantially altered to result in high-levelproduction of various long-chain omega-3/omega-6 PUFAs. Whether thiseffect is the result of natural abilities or recombinant technology,production of arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4 ω-6), eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA; 20:5 ω-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3) all requireexpression of either the delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway(which operates in some organisms, such as euglenoid species and whichis characterized by the production of eicosadienoic acid (EDA; 20:2 ω-6)and/or eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA; 20:3 ω-3)) or the delta-6desaturase/delta-6 elongase pathway (which is predominantly found inalgae, mosses, fungi, nematodes and humans and which is characterized bythe production of γ-linoleic acid (GLA; 18:3 ω-6) and/or stearidonicacid (STA; 18:4 ω-3) (FIG. 1). A delta-6 elongase is also known as aC_(18/20) elongase.

The delta-8 desaturase enzymes identified thus far have the ability toconvert both EDA to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; 20:3) and ETrA toeicosatetraenoic acid (ETA; 20:4) (wherein ARA are EPA are subsequentlysynthesized from DGLA and ETA, respectively, following reaction with adelta-5 desaturase, while DHA synthesis requires subsequent expressionof an additional C_(20/22) elongase and a delta-4 desaturase).

Based on the role delta-8 desaturase enzymes play in the synthesis ofe.g., ARA, EPA and DHA, there has been effort to identify andcharacterize these enzymes. Initial efforts on the isolation andcharacterization of delta-8 desaturases from Euglena gracilis; and,several sequence variations within the Euglena gracilis delta-8desaturase have been reported (see, e.g., Wallis et al., Arch. Biochem.and Biophys. 365(2):307-316 (1999); PCT Publication No. WO 2000/34439;U.S. Pat. No. 6,825,017; PCT Publication No. WO 2004/057001). Also,Applicants' Assignee's co-pending applications having U.S. applicationSer. Nos. 11/166,003 and 11/166,993 filed Jun. 24, 2005 (Attorney DocketNos. BB-1547 and CL-3150, respectively (PCT Publication Nos. WO2006/012325 and WO 2006/012326; both published Feb. 2, 2006)) disclosesamino acid and nucleic acid sequences for a Euglena gracilis delta-8desaturase.

More recently, PCT Publication No. WO 2005/103253 (published Apr. 22,2005) discloses amino acid and nucleic acid sequences for a delta-8desaturase enzyme from Pavlova saline (see also U.S. Publication No.2005/0273885). Sayanova et al. (FEBS Lett. 580:1946-1952 (2006))describes the isolation and characterization of a cDNA from the freeliving soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii that, when expressed inArabidopsis, encodes a C₂₀ delta-8 desaturase. Also, Applicants'Assignee's co-pending application having U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/737,772 (filed Apr. 20, 2007; Attorney Docket No. BB-1566)discloses amino acid and nucleic acid sequences for a delta-8 desaturaseenzyme from Pavlova lutheri (CCMP459). U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/876,115 (filed Oct. 22, 2007; Attorney Docket No. BB-1574) disclosesamino acid and nucleic acid sequences for a delta-8 desaturase enzymefrom Tetruetreptia pomquetensis CCMP1491, Eutreptiella sp. CCMP389 andEutreptiella cf_(—) gymnastica CCMP1594.

Based on the utility of expressing delta-8 desaturases in conjunctionwith delta-9 elongases, there has also been effort to identify andcharacterize delta-9 elongases from various sources. Most delta-9elongase enzymes identified so far have the ability to convert both LAto EDA and ALA to ETrA (wherein DGLA and ETA are subsequentlysynthesized from EDA and ETrA, respectively, following reaction with aΔ8 desaturase; ARA and EPA are subsequently synthesized from DGLA andETA, respectively, following reaction with a Δ5 desaturase; and, DHAsynthesis requires subsequent expression of an additional C_(20/22)elongase and a Δ4 desaturase). A delta-9 elongase from Isochrysisgalbana has been publicly available (described in GenBank Accession No.AAL37626, as well as PCT Publication No. WO 02/077213). Applicants'Assignee's co-pending application having U.S. application Ser. No.11/601,563 (filed Nov. 16, 2006, which published May 24, 2007; AttorneyDocket No. BB-1562), discloses a delta-9 elongase from Eulgena gracilis.Applicants' Assignee's co-pending application having U.S. applicationSer. No. 11/601,564 filed Nov. 16, 2006 (Attorney Docket No. CL-3600),discloses a delta-9 elongase from Eutreptiella sp. CCMP389.

Most delta-5 desaturase enzymes identified so far have the primaryability to convert dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid [20:3, DGLA] to ARA, withsecondary activity in converting eicosatetraenoic acid [20:4, ETA] toEPA (where DHA is subsequently synthesized from EPA following reactionwith an additional C_(20/22) elongase and a delta-4 desaturase). Thedelta-5 desaturase has a role in both the delta-6 desaturase/delta-6elongase pathway (which is predominantly found in algae, mosses, fungi,nematodes and humans and which is characterized by the production ofgamma-linoleic acid [“GLA”; 18:3 ω-6] and/or stearidonic acid [“STA”;18:4 ω-3]) and the delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway (whichoperates in some organisms, such as euglenoid species and which ischaracterized by the production of eicosadienoic acid [“EDA”; 20:2 ω-6]and/or eicosatrienoic acid [“ETrA”; 20:3 ω-3]) (FIG. 1).

Furthermore, based on the role delta-5 desaturase enzymes play in thesynthesis of e.g., ARA, EPA and DHA, there has also been an effort toidentify and characterize these enzymes from various sources. As such,delta-5 desaturases have been disclosed in both the open literature(e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. AF199596, AF226273, AF320509, AB072976,AF489588, AJ510244, AF419297, AF07879, AF067654 and AB022097) and thepatent literature (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,664 and U.S. Pat. No.6,075,183).

Applicants' Assignee has a number of patent applications concerning theproduction of PUFAs in oleaginous yeasts (i.e., Yarrowia lipolytica),including: PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/101757 and WO 2004/101753 (bothpublished Nov. 25, 2004); U.S. application Ser. No. 11/265,761 (filedNov. 2, 2005); U.S. application Ser. No. 11/264,784 (filed Nov. 1,2005); and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/264,737 (filed Nov. 1, 2005).

Relatedly, PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467 (published Aug. 26, 2004;Attorney Docket No. BB-1538) concerns the production of PUFAs in plants,while PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071178 (published Aug. 26, 2004)concerns annexin promoters and their use in expression of transgenes inplants; both are Applicants' Assignee's copending applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising:

-   -   (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-5        desaturase activity, wherein the polypeptide has at least 80%        amino acid identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment,        when compared to an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID        NO:13;    -   (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-5        desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence has at        least 80% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of        alignment, when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set forth        in SEQ ID NO:12;    -   (c) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-5        desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence hybridizes        under stringent conditions to a nucleotide sequence as set forth        in SEQ ID NO:12; or    -   (d) a complement of the nucleotide sequence of (a), (b) or (c),        wherein the complement and the nucleotide sequence consist of        the same number of nucleotides and are 100% complementary.

In a second embodiment, the invention concerns a recombinant DNAconstruct comprising any of the isolated polynucleotides of theinvention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.

In a third embodiment, the invention concerns a plant cell comprising inits genome the recombinant DNA construct of the invention.

In a fourth embodiment, the invention concerns a method for transforminga plant cell, comprising transforming a plant cell with a recombinantconstruct of the invention or an isolated polynucleotide of theinvention and selecting those plant cells transformed with therecombinant construct or the isolated polynucleotide.

In a fifth embodiment, the invention concerns transgenic seed comprisingin its genome the recombinant construct of the invention or a transgenicseed obtained from a plant made by a method of the invention. Also ofinterest is oil or by-products obtained from such transgenic seeds.

In a sixth embodiment, the invention concerns a method for makinglong-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a plant cell comprising:

-   -   (a) transforming a plant cell with the recombinant construct of        the invention; and    -   (b) selecting those transformed plant cells that make long-chain        polyunsaturated fatty acids.

In a seventh embodiment, the invention concerns a method for producingat least one polyunsaturated fatty acid in an oilseed plant cellcomprising:

-   -   (a) transforming an oilseed plant cell with a first recombinant        DNA construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding at        least one delta-5 desaturase polypeptide, operably linked to at        least one regulatory sequence and at least one additional        recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide,        operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, encoding a        polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a delta-4        desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a        delta-8 desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15        desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a        delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a        C_(18/20) elongase and a C_(20/22) elongase;    -   (b) regenerating an oilseed plant from the transformed cell of        step (a); and    -   (c) selecting those seeds obtained from the plants of step (b)        having an altered level of polyunsaturated fatty acids when        compared to the level in seeds obtained from a nontransformed        oilseed plant.

In an eighth embodiment, the invention concerns an oilseed plantcomprising in its genome the recombinant construct of the invention.Suitable oilseed plants include, but are not limited to, soybean,Brassica species, sunflower, maize, cotton, flax and safflower.

In a ninth embodiment, the invention concerns an oilseed plantcomprising:

-   -   (a) a first recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolated        polynucleotide encoding at least one delta-5 desaturase        polypeptide, operably linked to at least one regulatory        sequence; and    -   (b) at least one additional recombinant DNA construct comprising        an isolated polynucleotide, operably linked to at least one        regulatory sequence, encoding a polypeptide selected from the        group consisting of a delta-4 desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase,        a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase, a delta-12        desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a        delta-9 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a        C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase and a C_(20/22)        elongase.

Also of interest are transgenic seeds obtained from such oilseed plantsas well as oil or by-products obtained from these transgenic seeds. Apreferred by-product is lecithin.

In a tenth embodiment, the invention concerns food or feed incorporatingan oil or seed of the invention or food or feed comprising an ingredientderived from the processing of the seeds.

In an eleventh embodiment, the invention concerns progeny plantsobtained from obtained from a plant made by the method of the inventionor an oilseed plant of the invention.

BIOLOGICAL DEPOSITS

The following plasmid has been deposited with the American Type CultureCollection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209,and bears the following designation, Accession Number and date ofdeposit (Table 1).

TABLE 1 ATCC Deposit Plasmid Accession Number Date of Deposit pKR72PTA-6019 May 28, 2004

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND SEQUENCE LISTINGS

The invention can be more fully understood from the following detaileddescription and the accompanying drawings and Sequence Listing, whichform a part of this application.

FIG. 1 is a representative omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid pathwayproviding for the conversion of myristic acid through variousintermediates to DHA.

FIG. 2A is a schematic of EgD5.

FIG. 2B is a map of plasmid pZUF17 (SEQ ID NO:7).

FIG. 2C is a map of plasmid pDMW267 (SEQ ID NO:8).

FIG. 3 is a map of plasmid pY115 (SEQ ID NO:19).

FIG. 4 is a map of plasmid pY159 (SEQ ID NO:23).

FIG. 5 is a map of plasmid pY169 (SEQ ID NO:24).

FIG. 6 are the fatty acid profiles for Yarrowia lipolytica expressingpY169.

FIG. 7 is a map of pKR1153 (SEQ ID NO:44).

FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C shows a comparison of the nucleotide sequences ofEaD5 (same as EaD5Des1) (SEQ ID NO:12) and EaD5S (SEQ ID NO:45).

FIG. 9 is a map of plasmid pEaD5S (SEQ ID NO:46).

FIG. 10 shows a chromatogram of the lipid profile of an Euglena anabaenacell extract as described in the Examples.

FIG. 11 shows ten events having the highest average correct delta-5desaturase activities (average of the 5 somatic soybean embryosanalyzed) from approximately 30 events transformed with pKR1153(Experiment MSE2140). Fatty acids are identified as 16:0 (palmitate),18:0 (stearic acid), 18:1 (oleic acid), LA, ALA, EDA, SCI, DGLA, ARA,ERA, JUP, ETA and EPA. Fatty acid compositions for an individual embryowere expressed as the weight percent (wt. %) of total fatty acids andthe average fatty acid composition is an average of six individualembryos for each event. The activity of the delta-5 desaturase isexpressed as percent delta-5 desaturation (“% delta-5 desat”),calculated according to the following formula:([product]/[substrate+product])*100. More specifically, the percentdelta-5 desaturation was determined as:([ARA+EPA]/[DGLA+ETA+ARA+EPA])*100.

The sequence descriptions summarize the Sequences Listing attachedhereto. The Sequence Listing contains one letter codes for nucleotidesequence characters and the single and three letter codes for aminoacids as defined in the IUPAC-IUB standards described in Nucleic AcidsResearch 13:3021-3030 (1985) and in the Biochemical Journal219(2):345-373 (1984).

SEQ ID NO:1 is the cDNA sequence of the Euglena anabaena delta-5desaturase 1 (EaD5Des1).

SEQ ID NO:2 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena gracilis delta-5desaturase coding sequence (EgD5).

SEQ ID NO:3 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena gracilis delta-5desaturase oligonucleotide YL794.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena gracilis delta-5desaturase oligonucleotide YL797.

SEQ ID NO:5 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena gracilis delta-5desaturase oligonucleotide YL796.

SEQ ID NO:6 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena gracilis delta-5desaturase oligonucleotide YL795.

SEQ ID NO:7 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pZUF17.

SEQ ID NO:8 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pDMW367.

SEQ ID NO:9 is the nucleotide sequence of the M13F universal primer.

SEQ ID NO:10 is the nucleotide sequence of M13-28Rev.

SEQ ID NO:11 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pLF119.

SEQ ID NO:12 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena anabaena delta-5desaturase 1 coding sequence (EaD5Des1).

SEQ ID NO:13 is the amino acid sequence of the Euglena anabaena delta-5desaturase 1 (EaD5Des1).

SEQ ID NO:14 is the amino acid sequence of the Thalassiosira pseudonanadelta-8 fatty acid desaturase.

SEQ ID NO:15 is the amino acid sequence of the Phaeodactylum tricomutumdelta-5 fatty acid desaturase.

SEQ ID NO:16 is the amino acid sequence of the Euglena gracilis delta-5desaturase (EgD5).

SEQ ID NO:17 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pDMW263.

SEQ ID NO:18 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pDMW237.

SEQ ID NO:19 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pY115.

SEQ ID NO:20 is the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide oYFBA1.

SEQ ID NO:21 is the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide oYFBA1-6.

SEQ ID NO:22 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pY158.

SEQ ID NO:23 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pY159.

SEQ ID NO:24 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pY169.

SEQ ID NO:25 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena gracilis delta-9elongase (EgD9e).

SEQ ID NO:26 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena gracilis delta-8desaturase (EgD8).

SEQ ID NO:27 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena gracilis elongasesense oligonucleotide oEugEL1-1.

SEQ ID NO:28 is the nucleotide sequence of the Euglena gracilis elongaseanti-sense oligonucleotide oEugEL1-2.

SEQ ID NO:29 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR906.

SEQ ID NO:30 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR72.

SEQ ID NO:31 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid KS102.

SEQ ID NO:32 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR197.

SEQ ID NO:33 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR911.

SEQ ID NO:34 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR680.

SEQ ID NO:35 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR913.

SEQ ID NO:36 is the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide oEAd5-1-1.

SEQ ID NO:37 is the nucleotide sequence of oligonucleotide oEAd5-1-2.

SEQ ID NO:38 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR1136.

SEQ ID NO:39 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR767.

SEQ ID NO:40 is the nucleotide sequence of the Mortierella alpinadelta-5 desaturase coding sequence (MaD5).

SEQ ID NO:41 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR974.

SEQ ID NO:42 is the nucleotide sequence of the Saprolegnia diclinadelta-5 desaturase coding sequence (SdD5).

SEQ ID NO:43 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR1139.

SEQ ID NO:44 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pKR1153.

SEQ ID NO:45 is the nucleotide sequence of the codon-optimized Euglenaanabaena delta-5 desaturase gene (EaD5S).

SEQ ID NO:46 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pEaD5S.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The disclosure of each reference set forth herein is hereby incorporatedby reference in its entirety.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”,and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a plant” includes aplurality of such plants, reference to “a cell” includes one or morecells and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and soforth.

The present invention relates to delta-5 desaturase enzymes and nucleicacid for encoding the same isolated from Euglena anabaena. These areuseful for, inter alia, for the manipulation of biochemical pathways forthe production of PUFAs. Thus, the subject invention finds manyapplications.

PUFAs, or derivatives thereof, made by the methodology disclosed hereincan be used as dietary substitutes, or supplements, particularly infantformulas, for patients undergoing intravenous feeding or for preventingor treating malnutrition. Alternatively, the purified PUFAs (orderivatives thereof) may be incorporated into cooking oils, fats ormargarines formulated so that in normal use the recipient would receivethe desired amount for dietary supplementation. The PUFAs may also beincorporated into infant formulas, nutritional supplements or other foodproducts and may find use as anti-inflammatory or cholesterol loweringagents. Optionally, the compositions may be used for pharmaceutical use(human or veterinary). In this case, the PUFAs are generallyadministered orally but can be administered by any route by which theymay be successfully absorbed, e.g., parenterally (e.g., subcutaneously,intramuscularly or intravenously), rectally, vaginally or topically(e.g., as a skin ointment or lotion).

Supplementation of humans or animals with PUFAs produced by recombinantmeans can result in increased levels of the added PUFAs, as well astheir metabolic progeny. For example, treatment with EPA can result notonly in increased levels of EPA, but also downstream products of EPAsuch as eicosanoids (i.e., prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes).Complex regulatory mechanisms can make it desirable to combine variousPUFAs, or add different conjugates of PUFAs, in order to prevent,control or overcome such mechanisms to achieve the desired levels ofspecific PUFAs in an individual.

In the context of this disclosure, a number of terms and abbreviationsare used. The following definitions are provided.

“Open reading frame” is abbreviated ORF.

“Polymerase chain reaction” is abbreviated PCR.

“American Type Culture Collection” is abbreviated ATCC.

“Polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)” is abbreviated PUFA(s).

“Triacylglycerols” are abbreviated TAGs.

The term “fatty acids” refers to long-chain aliphatic acids (alkanoicacids) of varying chain lengths, from about C₁₂ to C₂₂ (although bothlonger and shorter chain-length acids are known). The predominant chainlengths are between C₁₆ and C₂₂. Additional details concerning thedifferentiation between “saturated fatty acids” versus “unsaturatedfatty acids”, “monounsaturated fatty acids” versus “polyunsaturatedfatty acids” (or “PUFAs”), and “omega-6 fatty acids” (ω-6 or n-6) versus“omega-3 fatty acids” (ω-3 or n-3) are provided in PCT Publication No.WO 2004/101757.

Fatty acids are described herein by a simple notation system of “X:Y”,wherein X is number of carbon (C) atoms in the particular fatty acid andY is the number of double bonds. The number following the fatty aciddesignation indicates the position of the double bond from the carboxylend of the fatty acid with the “c” affix for the cis-configuration ofthe double bond (e.g., palmitic acid (16:0), stearic:acid (18:0), oleicacid (18:1, 9c), petroselinic acid (18:1, 6c), LA (18:2, 9c,12c), GLA(18:3, 6c,9c,12c) and ALA (18:3, 9c,12c,15c)). Unless otherwisespecified, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 refer to oleic, LA and ALA fatty acids,respectively. If not specifically written as otherwise, double bonds areassumed to be of the cis configuration. For instance, the double bondsin 18:2 (9,12) would be assumed to be in the cis configuration.

Nomenclature used to describe PUFAs in the present disclosure is shownbelow in Table 2. In the column titled “Shorthand Notation”, theomega-reference system is used to indicate the number of carbons, thenumber of double bonds and the position of the double bond closest tothe omega carbon, counting from the omega carbon (which is numbered 1for this purpose). The remainder of the table summarizes the commonnames of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and their precursors, theabbreviations that will be used throughout the remainder of thespecification, and each compounds' chemical name.

TABLE 2 Nomenclature of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and PrecursorsCommon Shorthand Name Abbreviation Chemical Name Notation myristic —tetradecanoic 14:0 palmitic PA hexadecanoic 16:0 palmitoleic —9-hexadecenoic 16:1 stearic — octadecanoic 18:0 oleic —cis-9-octadecenoic 18:1 linoleic LA cis-9,12-octadecadienoic 18:2 ω-6gamma- GLA cis-6,9,12- 18:3 ω-6 linolenic octadecatrienoic eicosadienoicEDA cis-11,14-eicosadienoic 20:2 ω-6 dihomo- DGLAcis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic 20:3 ω-6 gamma- linolenic sciadonic SCIcis-5,11,14-eicosatrienoic 20:3b ω-6 arachidonic ARA cis-5,8,11,14- 20:4ω-6 eicosatetraenoic alpha-linolenic ALA cis-9,12,15- 18:3 ω-3octadecatrienoic stearidonic STA cis-6,9,12,15- 18:4 ω-3octadecatetraenoic eicosatrienoic ETrA or ERA cis-11,14,17- 20:3 ω-3eicosatrienoic eicosa- ETA cis-8,11,14,17- 20:4 ω-3 tetraenoiceicosatetraenoic juniperonic JUP cis-5,11,14,17- 20:4b ω-3eicosatetraenoic eicosa- EPA cis-5,8,11,14,17- 20:5 ω-3 pentaenoiceicosapentaenoic docosa- DPA cis-7,10,13,16,19- 22:5 ω-3 pentaenoicdocosapentaenoic docosa- DHA cis-4,7,10,13,16,19- 22:6 ω-3 hexaenoicdocosahexaenoic

A metabolic pathway, or biosynthetic pathway, in a biochemical sense,can be regarded as a series of chemical reactions occurring within acell, catalyzed by enzymes, to achieve either the formation of ametabolic product to be used or stored by the cell, or the initiation ofanother metabolic pathway (then called a flux generating step). Many ofthese pathways are elaborate, and involve a step by step modification ofthe initial substance to shape it into a product having the exactchemical structure desired.

The term “PUFA biosynthetic pathway” refers to a metabolic process thatconverts oleic acid to LA, EDA, GLA, DGLA, ARA, ALA, STA, ETrA, ETA,EPA, DPA and DHA. This process is well described in the literature(e.g., see PCT Publication No. WO 2006/052870). Simplistically, thisprocess involves elongation of the carbon chain through the addition ofcarbon atoms and desaturation of the molecule through the addition ofdouble bonds, via a series of special desaturation and elongationenzymes (i.e., “PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzymes”) present in theendoplasmic reticulim membrane. More specifically, “PUFA biosyntheticpathway enzyme” refers to any of the following enzymes (and genes whichencode said enzymes) associated with the biosynthesis of a PUFA,including: a delta-4 desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase, a delta-9elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20)elongase and/or a C_(20/22) elongase.

The term “omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathway” refers to aset of genes which, when expressed under the appropriate conditionsencode enzymes that catalyze the production of either or both omega-3and omega-6 fatty acids. Typically the genes involved in theomega-3/omega-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathway encode PUFA biosyntheticpathway enzymes. A representative pathway is illustrated in FIG. 1,providing for the conversion of myristic acid through variousintermediates to DHA, which demonstrates how both omega-3 and omega-6fatty acids may be produced from a common source. The pathway isnaturally divided into two portions where one portion will generateomega-3 fatty acids and the other portion, omega-6 fatty acids.

The term “functional” as used herein in context with the omega-3/omega-6fatty acid biosynthetic pathway means that some (or all of) the genes inthe pathway express active enzymes, resulting in in vivo catalysis orsubstrate conversion. It should be understood that “omega-3/omega-6fatty acid biosynthetic pathway” or “functional omega-3/omega-6 fattyacid biosynthetic pathway” does not imply that all the PUFA biosyntheticpathway enzyme genes are required, as a number of fatty acid productswill only require the expression of a subset of the genes of thispathway.

The term “delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway” refers to abiosynthetic pathway for production of long-chain PUFAs. This pathway,at a minimum, comprises a delta-9 elongase and a delta-8 desaturase,thereby enabling biosynthesis of DGLA and/or ETA from LA and ALA,respectively. With expression of other desaturases and elongases, ARA,EPA, DPA and DHA may also be synthesized. This pathway may beadvantageous in some embodiments, as the biosynthesis of GLA and/or STAis excluded.

The term “intermediate fatty acid” refers to any fatty acid produced ina fatty acid metabolic pathway that can be further converted to anintended product fatty acid in this pathway by the action of othermetabolic pathway enzymes. For instance, when EPA is produced using thedelta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway, EDA, ETrA, DGLA, ETA andARA can be produced and are considered “intermediate fatty acids” sincethese fatty acids can be further converted to EPA via action of othermetabolic pathway enzymes.

The term “by-product fatty acid” refers to any fatty acid produced in afatty acid metabolic pathway that is not the intended fatty acid productof the pathway nor an “intermediate fatty acid” of the pathway. Forinstance, when EPA is produced using the delta-9 elongase/delta-8desaturase pathway, sciadonic acid (SCI) and juniperonic acid (JUP) alsocan be produced by the action of a delta-5 desaturase on either EDA orETrA, respectively. They are considered to be “by-product fatty acids”since neither can be further converted to EPA by the action of othermetabolic pathway enzymes.

The terms “triacylglycerol”, “oil” and “TAGs” refer to neutral lipidscomposed of three fatty acyl residues esterified to a glycerol molecule(and such terms will be used interchangeably throughout the presentdisclosure herein). Such oils can contain long-chain PUFAs, as well asshorter saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and longer chain saturatedfatty acids. Thus, “oil biosynthesis” generically refers to thesynthesis of TAGs in the cell.

“Percent (%) PUFAs in the total lipid and oil fractions” refers to thepercent of PUFAs relative to the total fatty acids in those fractions.The term “total lipid fraction” or “lipid fraction” both refer to thesum of all lipids (i.e., neutral and polar) within an oleaginousorganism, thus including those lipids that are located in thephosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction, phosphatidyletanolamine (PE) fractionand triacylglycerol (TAG or oil) fraction. However, the terms “lipid”and “oil” will be used interchangeably throughout the specification.

The terms “conversion efficiency” and “percent substrate conversion”refer to the efficiency by which a particular enzyme (e.g., adesaturase) can convert substrate to product. The conversion efficiencyis measured according to the following formula:([product]/[substrate+product])*100, where ‘product’ includes theimmediate product and all products in the pathway derived from it.

“Desaturase” is a polypeptide that can desaturate, i.e., introduce adouble bond, in one or more fatty acids to produce a fatty acid orprecursor of interest. Despite use of the omega-reference systemthroughout the specification to refer to specific fatty acids, it ismore convenient to indicate the activity of a desaturase by countingfrom the carboxyl end of the substrate using the delta-system. Ofparticular interest herein are delta-5 desaturases that will desaturatea fatty acid between the fifth and sixth carbon atom numbered from thecarboxyl-terminal end of the molecule and that can, for example,catalyze the conversion of DGLA to ARA and/or ETA to EPA. Other usefulfatty acid desaturases include, for example: (1) delta-8 desaturasesthat catalyze the conversion of EDA to DGLA and/or ERA to ETA; (2)delta-6 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of LA to GLA and/or ALAto STA; (3) delta-4 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of DPA toDHA; (4) delta-12 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of oleic acidto LA; (5) delta-15 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of LA toALA and/or GLA to STA; (6) delta-17 desaturases that catalyze theconversion of ARA to EPA and/or DGLA to ETA; and (7) delta-9 desaturasesthat catalyze the conversion of palmitic acid to palmitoleic acid (16:1)and/or stearic acid to oleic acid (18:1). In the art, delta-15 anddelta-17 desaturases are also occasionally referred to as “omega-3desaturases”, “w-3 desaturases”, and/or “ω-3 desaturases”, based ontheir ability to convert omega-6 fatty acids into their omega-3counterparts (e.g., conversion of LA into ALA and ARA into EPA,respectively). In some embodiments, it is most desirable to empiricallydetermine the specificity of a particular fatty acid desaturase bytransforming a suitable host with the gene for the fatty acid desaturaseand determining its effect on the fatty acid profile of the host.

The term “delta-5 desaturase” refers to an enzyme that desaturates afatty acid between the fifth and sixth carbon atom numbered from thecarboxyl-terminal end of the molecule. Preferably, a delta-5 desaturaseconverts dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid [20:3, DGLA] to arachidonic acid[20:4, ARA] or converts eicosatetraenoic acid [20:4, ETA] toeicosapentaenoic acid [20:5, EPA].

For the purposes herein, the terms “EaD5Des1” or “EaD5” refers to adelta-5 desaturase enzyme (SEQ ID NO:13) isolated from Euglena anabaena,encoded by SEQ ID NO:12 herein. Likewise, the term “EaD5S” (SEQ IDNO:45) refers to a delta-5 desaturase codon-optimized for expression inYarrowia lipolytica.

For the purposes herein, the term “IgD9e” refers to a delta-9 elongase(SEQ ID NO:15) (NCBI Accession No. AAL37626 [GI 17226123], locusAAL37626, CDS AF390174; GenBank Accession No. AF390174) isolated fromIsochrysis galbana. In contrast, the term “IgD9eS” refers to a synthetic(codon-optimized) delta-9 elongase derived from the DNA sequence of theIsochrysis galbana delta-9 elongase which can be used for expression inYarrowia lipolytica.

Similarly for the purposes herein, the term “EgD9e” refers to a delta-9elongase isolated from Euglena gracilis. EgD9e is described in U.S.application Ser. No. 11/601,563 (filed Nov. 16, 2006, which publishedMay 24, 2007; Attorney Docket No. BB-1562).

Similarly, the term “EgD8” refers to a delta-8 desaturase enzymeisolated from Euglena gracilis. EgD8 is 100% identical and functionallyequivalent to “Eg5”, as described in PCT Publication Nos. WO 2006/012325and WO 2006/012326 (SEQ ID NO:2 of U.S. Publication No. 20050287652-A1).

The term “elongase system” refers to a suite of four enzymes that areresponsible for elongation of a fatty acid carbon chain to produce afatty acid that is two carbons longer than the fatty acid substrate thatthe elongase system acts upon. More specifically, the process ofelongation occurs in association with fatty acid synthase, whereby CoAis the acyl carrier (Lassner et al., Plant Cell 8:281-292 (1996)). Inthe first step, which has been found to be both substrate-specific andalso rate-limiting, malonyl-CoA is condensed with a long-chain acyl-CoAto yield carbon dioxide (CO₂) and a β-ketoacyl-CoA (where the acylmoiety has been elongated by two carbon atoms). Subsequent reactionsinclude reduction to β-hydroxyacyl-CoA, dehydration to an enoyl-CoA anda second reduction to yield the elongated acyl-CoA. Examples ofreactions catalyzed by elongase systems are the conversion of GLA toDGLA, STA to ETA, LA to EDA, ALA to ETrA and EPA to DPA.

For the purposes herein, an enzyme catalyzing the first condensationreaction (i.e., conversion of malonyl-CoA and long-chain acyl-CoA toβ-ketoacyl-CoA) will be referred to generically as an “elongase”. Ingeneral, the substrate selectivity of elongases is somewhat broad butsegregated by both chain length and the degree of unsaturation.Accordingly, elongases can have different specificities. For example, aC_(14/18) elongase will utilize a C₁₄ substrate (e.g., myristic acid), aC_(16/18) elongase will utilize a C₁₆ substrate (e.g., palmitate), aC_(18/20) elongase will utilize a C₁₈ substrate (e.g., GLA, STA) and aC_(20/22) elongase will utilize a C₂₀ substrate (e.g., EPA). Similarily,a “delta-9 elongase” may be able to catalyze the conversion of LA to EDAand/or ALA to ETrA. It is important to note that some elongases havebroad specificity and thus a single enzyme may be capable of catalyzingseveral elongase reactions. Thus, for example, a delta-9 elongase mayalso act as a C_(16/18) elongase, C_(18/20) elongase and/or C_(20/22)elongase and may have alternate, but not preferred, specificities fordelta-5 and delta-6 fatty acids such as EPA and/or GLA, respectively.

The term “conservative amino acid substitution” refers to a substitutionof an amino acid residue in a given protein with another amino acid,without altering the chemical or functional nature of that protein. Forexample, it is well known in the art that alterations in a gene thatresult in the production of a chemically equivalent amino acid at agiven site (but that do not affect the structural and functionalproperties of the encoded, folded protein) are common. For the purposesof the present invention, “conservative amino acid substitutions” aredefined as exchanges within one of the following five groups:

-   -   1. small aliphatic, nonpolar or slightly polar residues: Ala        [A], Ser [S], Thr [T] (Pro [P], Gly [G]);    -   2. polar, negatively charged residues and their amides: Asp [D],        Asn [N], Glu [E], Gln [Q];    -   3. polar, positively charged residues: H is [H], Arg [R], Lys        [K];    -   4. large aliphatic, nonpolar residues: Met [M], Leu Ile [I], Val        [V] (Cys [C]); and,    -   5. large aromatic residues: Phe [F], Tyr [Y], Trp [W].        Conservative amino acid substitutions generally maintain: 1) the        structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the        substitution; 2) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at        the target site; or 3) the bulk of the side chain. Additionally,        in many cases, alterations of the N-terminal and C-terminal        portions of the protein molecule would also not be expected to        alter the activity of the protein.

As used herein, “nucleic acid” means a polynucleotide and includessingle or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide orribonucleotide bases. Nucleic acids may also include fragments andmodified nucleotides. Thus, the terms “polynucleotide”, “nucleic acidsequence”, “nucleotide sequence” or “nucleic acid fragment” are usedinterchangeably and is a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- ordouble-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or alterednucleotide bases. Nucleotides (usually found in their 5′-monophosphateform) are referred to by their single letter designation as follows: “A”for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA or DNA, respectively), “C” forcytidylate or deosycytidylate, “G” for guanylate or deoxyguanylate, “U”for uridlate, “T” for deosythymidylate, “R” for purines (A or G), “Y”for pyrimidiens (C or T), “K” for G or T, “H” for A or C or T, “I” forinosine, and “N” for any nucleotide.

The terms “subfragment that is functionally equivalent” and“functionally equivalent subfragment” are used interchangeably herein.These terms refer to a portion or subsequence of an isolated nucleicacid fragment in which the ability to alter gene expression or produce acertain phenotype is retained whether or not the fragment or subfragmentencodes an active enzyme. For example, the fragment or subfragment canbe used in the design of chimeric genes to produce the desired phenotypein a transformed plant. Chimeric genes can be designed for use insuppression by linking a nucleic acid fragment or subfragment thereof,whether or not it encodes an active enzyme, in the sense or antisenseorientation relative to a plant promoter sequence.

The term “conserved domain” or “motif” means a set of amino acidsconserved at specific positions along an aligned sequence ofevolutionarily related proteins. While amino acids at other positionscan vary between homologous proteins, amino acids that are highlyconserved at specific positions indicate amino acids that are essentialin the structure, the stability, or the activity of a protein. Becausethey are identified by their high degree of conservation in alignedsequences of a family of protein homologues, they can be used asidentifiers, or “signatures”, to determine if a protein with a newlydetermined sequence belongs to a previously identified protein family.

The terms “homology”, “homologous”, “substantially similar” and“corresponding substantially” are used interchangeably herein. Theyrefer to nucleic acid fragments wherein changes in one or morenucleotide bases do not affect the ability of the nucleic acid fragmentto mediate gene expression or produce a certain phenotype. These termsalso refer to modifications of the nucleic acid fragments of the instantinvention such as deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides thatdo not substantially alter the functional properties of the resultingnucleic acid fragment relative to the initial, unmodified fragment. Itis therefore understood, as those skilled in the art will appreciate,that the invention encompasses more than the specific exemplarysequences.

Moreover, the skilled artisan recognizes that substantially similarnucleic acid sequences encompassed by this invention are also defined bytheir ability to hybridize (under moderately stringent conditions, e.g.,0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 60° C.) with the sequences exemplified herein, or toany portion of the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein and which arefunctionally equivalent to any of the nucleic acid sequences disclosedherein. Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderatelysimilar fragments, such as homologous sequences from distantly relatedorganisms, to highly similar fragments, such as genes that duplicatefunctional enzymes from closely related organisms. Post-hybridizationwashes determine stringency conditions.

The term “selectively hybridizes” includes reference to hybridization,under stringent hybridization conditions, of a nucleic acid sequence toa specified nucleic acid target sequence to a detectably greater degree(e.g., at least 2-fold over background) than its hybridization tonon-target nucleic acid sequences and to the substantial exclusion ofnon-target nucleic acids. Selectively hybridizing sequences typicallyhave about at least 80% sequence identity, or 90% sequence identity, upto and including 100% sequence identity (i.e., fully complementary) witheach other.

The term “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions”includes reference to conditions under which a probe will selectivelyhybridize to its target sequence. Stringent conditions aresequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Bycontrolling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washingconditions, target sequences can be identified which are 100%complementary to the probe (homologous probing). Alternatively,stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching insequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologousprobing). Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides inlength, optionally less than 500 nucleotides in length.

Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the saltconcentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and thetemperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greaterthan 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with theaddition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary lowstringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 37° C.,and a wash in 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions includehybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and awash in 0.5× to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C. Exemplary high stringencyconditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60 to 65° C.

Specificity is typically the function of post-hybridization washes, thecritical factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the finalwash solution. For DNA-DNA hybrids, the T_(m) can be approximated fromthe equation of Meinkoth et al., Anal. Biochem. 138:267-284 (1984):T_(m)=81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61 (% form)−500/L; where M isthe molarity of monovalent cations, % GC is the percentage of guanosineand cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage offormamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of thehybrid in base pairs. The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionicstrength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequencehybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T_(m) is reduced by about 1° C.for each 1% of mismatching; thus, T_(m), hybridization and/or washconditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desiredidentity. For example, if sequences with ≧90% identity are sought, theT_(m) can be decreased 10° C. Generally, stringent conditions areselected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m))for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strengthand pH. However, severely stringent conditions can utilize ahybridization and/or wash at 1, 2, 3, or 4° C. lower than the thermalmelting point (T_(m)); moderately stringent conditions can utilize ahybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10° C. lower than thethermal melting point (T_(m)); low stringency conditions can utilize ahybridization and/or wash at 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 20° C. lower thanthe thermal melting point (T_(m)). Using the equation, hybridization andwash compositions, and desired T_(m), those of ordinary skill willunderstand that variations in the stringency of hybridization and/orwash solutions are inherently described. If the desired degree ofmismatching results in a T_(m) of less than 45° C. (aqueous solution) or32° C. (formamide solution) it is preferred to increase the SSCconcentration so that a higher temperature can be used. An extensiveguide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen,Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and MolecularBiology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I, Chapter 2“Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleicacid probe assays”, Elsevier, N.Y. (1993); and Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, Chapter 2, Ausubel et al., Eds., Greene Publishingand Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995). Hybridization and/or washconditions can be applied for at least 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 240minutes.

“Sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of nucleic acid orpolypeptide sequences refers to the nucleic acid bases or amino acidresidues in two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximumcorrespondence over a specified comparison window.

Thus, “percentage of sequence identity” refers to the value determinedby comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window,wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in thecomparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) ascompared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions ordeletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage iscalculated by determining the number of positions at which the identicalnucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences toyield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matchedpositions by the total number of positions in the window of comparisonand multiplying the results by 100 to yield the percentage of sequenceidentity. Useful examples of percent sequence identities include, butare not limited to, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%,or any integer percentage from 50% to 100%. These identities can bedetermined using any of the programs described herein.

Sequence alignments and percent identity or similarity calculations maybe determined using a variety of comparison methods designed to detecthomologous sequences including, but not limited to, the MegAlign™program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc.,Madison, Wis.). Within the context of this application it will beunderstood that where sequence analysis software is used for analysis,that the results of the analysis will be based on the “default values”of the program referenced, unless otherwise specified. As used herein“default values” will mean any set of values or parameters thatoriginally load with the software when first initialized.

The “Clustal V method of alignment” corresponds to the alignment methodlabeled Clustal V (described by Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153(1989); Higgins, D. G. et al. (1992) Comput. Appl. Biosci. 8:189-191)and found in the MegAlign™ program of the LASERGENE bioinformaticscomputing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). For multiple alignments,the default values correspond to GAP PENALTY=10 and GAP LENGTHPENALTY=10. Default parameters for pairwise alignments and calculationof percent identity of protein sequences using the Clustal method areKTUPLE=1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. For nucleicacids these parameters are KTUPLE=2, GAP PENALTY=5, WINDOW=4 andDIAGONALS SAVED=4. After alignment of the sequences using the Clustal Vprogram, it is possible to obtain a “percent identity” by viewing the“sequence distances” table in the same program.

“BLASTN method of alignment” is an algorithm provided by the NationalCenter for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to compare nucleotidesequences using default parameters.

It is well understood by one skilled in the art that many levels ofsequence identity are useful in identifying polypeptides, from otherspecies, wherein such polypeptides have the same or similar function oractivity. Useful examples of percent identities include, but are notlimited to, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, or anyinteger percentage from 50% to 100%. Indeed, any integer amino acididentity from 50% to 100% may be useful in describing the presentinvention, such as 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%,61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%,75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%. Also, ofinterest is any full-length or partial complement of this isolatednucleotide fragment.

“Gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specificprotein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-codingsequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence.“Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its ownregulatory sequences. “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not anative gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are notfound together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may compriseregulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived fromdifferent sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derivedfrom the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that foundin nature. A “foreign” gene refers to a gene not normally found in thehost organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by genetransfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into anon-native organism, or chimeric genes. A “transgene” is a gene that hasbeen introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure.

The term “genome” as it applies to a plant cells encompasses not onlychromosomal DNA found within the nucleus, but organelle DNA found withinsubcellular components (e.g., mitochondrial, plastid) of the cell.

A “codon-optimized gene” is a gene having its frequency of codon usagedesigned to mimic the frequency of preferred codon usage of the hostcell.

An “allele” is one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying agiven locus on a chromosome. When all the alleles present at a givenlocus on a chromosome are the same that plant is homozygous at thatlocus. If the alleles present at a given locus on a chromosome differthat plant is heterozygous at that locus.

“Coding sequence” refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a specificamino acid sequence. “Regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotidesequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, ordownstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and whichinfluence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translationof the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include, butare not limited to: promoters, translation leader sequences, introns,polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA processing sites, effectorbinding sites and stem-loop structures.

“Promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling theexpression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. The promoter sequenceconsists of proximal and more distal upstream elements, the latterelements often referred to as enhancers. Accordingly, an “enhancer” is aDNA sequence that can stimulate promoter activity, and may be an innateelement of the promoter or a heterologous element inserted to enhancethe level or tissue-specificity of a promoter. Promoters may be derivedin their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of differentelements derived from different promoters found in nature, or evencomprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled inthe art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene indifferent tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development,or in response to different environmental conditions. It is furtherrecognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatorysequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of somevariation may have identical promoter activity. Promoters that cause agene to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonlyreferred to as “constitutive promoters”. New promoters of various typesuseful in plant cells are constantly being discovered; numerous examplesmay be found in the compilation by Okamuro, J. K., and Goldberg, R. B.Biochemistry of Plants 15:1-82 (1989).

“Translation leader sequence” refers to a polynucleotide sequencelocated between the promoter sequence of a gene and the coding sequence.The translation leader sequence is present in the fully processed mRNAupstream of the translation start sequence. The translation leadersequence may affect processing of the primary transcript to mRNA, mRNAstability or translation efficiency. Examples of translation leadersequences have been described (Turner, R. and Foster, G. D., Mol.Biotechnol. 3:225-236 (1995)).

“3′ non-coding sequences”, “transcription terminator” or “terminationsequences” refer to DNA sequences located downstream of a codingsequence and include polyadenylation recognition sequences and othersequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNAprocessing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usuallycharacterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts tothe 3′ end of the mRNA precursor. The use of different 3′ non-codingsequences is exemplified by Ingelbrecht, I. L., et al. Plant Cell1:671-680 (1989).

“RNA transcript” refers to the product resulting from RNApolymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNAtranscript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it isreferred to as the primary transcript. A RNA transcript is referred toas the mature RNA when it is a RNA sequence derived frompost-transcriptional processing of the primary transcript. “MessengerRNA” or “mRNA” refers to the RNA that is without introns and that can betranslated into protein by the cell. “cDNA” refers to a DNA that iscomplementary to, and synthesized from, a mRNA template using the enzymereverse transcriptase. The cDNA can be single-stranded or converted intodouble-stranded form using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I.“Sense” RNA refers to RNA transcript that includes the mRNA and can betranslated into protein within a cell or in vitro. “Antisense RNA”refers to an RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of atarget primary transcript or mRNA, and that blocks the expression of atarget gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065). The complementarity of anantisense RNA may be with any part of the specific gene transcript,i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-coding sequence, introns, orthe coding sequence. “Functional RNA” refers to antisense RNA, ribozymeRNA, or other RNA that may not be translated but yet has an effect oncellular processes. The terms “complement” and “reverse complement” areused interchangeably herein with respect to mRNA transcripts, and aremeant to define the antisense RNA of the message.

The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acidsequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of oneis regulated by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linkedwith a coding sequence when it is capable of regulating the expressionof that coding sequence (i.e., the coding sequence is under thetranscriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can beoperably linked to regulatory sequences in a sense or antisenseorientation. In another example, the complementary RNA regions of theinvention can be operably linked, either directly or indirectly, 5′ tothe target mRNA, or 3′ to the target mRNA, or within the target mRNA, ora first complementary region is 5′ and its complement is 3′ to thetarget mRNA.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used hereinare well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook, J.,Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual;Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989).Transformation methods are well known to those skilled in the art andare described infra.

“PCR” or “polymerase chain reaction” is a technique for the synthesis oflarge quantities of specific DNA segments and consists of a series ofrepetitive cycles (Perkin Elmer Cetus Instruments, Norwalk, Conn.).Typically, the double-stranded DNA is heat denatured, the two primerscomplementary to the 3′ boundaries of the target segment are annealed atlow temperature and then extended at an intermediate temperature. Oneset of these three consecutive steps is referred to as a “cycle”.

The term “recombinant” refers to an artificial combination of twootherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis orby the manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids by geneticengineering techniques.

The terms “plasmid”, “vector” and “cassette” refer to an extrachromosomal element often carrying genes that are not part of thecentral metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circulardouble-stranded DNA fragments. Such elements may be autonomouslyreplicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotidesequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA orRNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequenceshave been joined or recombined into a unique construction which iscapable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for aselected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequenceinto a cell. “Transformation cassette” refers to a specific vectorcontaining a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreigngene that facilitates transformation of a particular host cell.“Expression cassette” refers to a specific vector containing a foreigngene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that allow forenhanced expression of that gene in a foreign host (i.e., to a discretenucleic acid fragment into which a nucleic acid sequence or fragment canbe moved.)

The terms “recombinant construct”, “expression construct”, “chimericconstruct”, “construct”, and “recombinant DNA construct” are usedinterchangeably herein. A recombinant construct comprises an artificialcombination of nucleic acid fragments, e.g., regulatory and codingsequences that are not found together in nature. For example, a chimericconstruct may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences thatare derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and codingsequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a mannerdifferent than that found in nature. Such a construct may be used byitself or may be used in conjunction with a vector. If a vector is used,then the choice of vector is dependent upon the method that will be usedto transform host cells as is well known to those skilled in the art.For example, a plasmid vector can be used. The skilled artisan is wellaware of the genetic elements that must be present on the vector inorder to successfully transform, select and propagate host cellscomprising any of the isolated nucleic acid fragments of the invention.The skilled artisan will also recognize that different-independenttransformation events will result in different levels and patterns ofexpression (Jones et al., EMBO J. 4:2411-2418 (1985); De Almeida et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics 218:78-86 (1989)), and thus that multiple events mustbe screened in order to obtain lines displaying the desired expressionlevel and pattern. Such screening may be accomplished by Southernanalysis of DNA, Northern analysis of mRNA expression, immunoblottinganalysis of protein expression, or phenotypic analysis, among others.

The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the production of afunctional end-product (e.g., a mRNA or a protein [either precursor ormature]).

The term “introduced” means providing a nucleic acid (e.g., expressionconstruct) or protein into a cell. Introduced includes reference to theincorporation of a nucleic acid into a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cellwhere the nucleic acid may be incorporated into the genome of the cell,and includes reference to the transient provision of a nucleic acid orprotein to the cell. Introduced includes reference to stable ortransient transformation methods, as well as sexually crossing. Thus,“introduced” in the context of inserting a nucleic acid fragment (e.g.,a recombinant DNA construct/expression construct) into a cell, means“transfection” or “transformation” or “transduction” and includesreference to the incorporation of a nucleic acid fragment into aeukaryotic or prokaryotic cell where the nucleic acid fragment may beincorporated into the genome of the cell (e.g., chromosome, plasmid,plastid or mitochondrial DNA), converted into an autonomous replicon, ortransiently expressed (e.g., transfected mRNA).

“Mature” protein refers to a post-translationally processed polypeptide(i.e., one from which any pre- or propeptides present in the primarytranslation product have been removed). “Precursor” protein refers tothe primary product of translation of mRNA (i.e., with pre- andpropeptides still present). Pre- and propeptides may be but are notlimited to intracellular localization signals.

“Stable transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acidfragment into a genome of a host organism, including both nuclear andorganellar genomes, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Incontrast, “transient transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleicacid fragment into the nucleus, or DNA-containing organelle, of a hostorganism resulting in gene expression without integration or stableinheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acidfragments are referred to as “transgenic” organisms.

As used herein, “transgenic” refers to a plant or a cell which compriseswithin its genome a heterologous polynucleotide. Preferably, theheterologous polynucleotide is stably integrated within the genome suchthat the polynucleotide is passed on to successive generations. Theheterologous polynucleotide may be integrated into the genome alone oras part of an expression construct. Transgenic is used herein to includeany cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part or plant, the genotypeof which has been altered by the presence of heterologous nucleic acidincluding those transgenics initially so altered as well as thosecreated by sexual crosses or asexual propagation from the initialtransgenic. The term “transgenic” as used herein does not encompass thealteration of the genome (chromosomal or extra-chromosomal) byconventional plant breeding methods or by naturally occurring eventssuch as random cross-fertilization, non-recombinant viral infection,non-recombinant bacterial transformation, non-recombinant transposition,or spontaneous mutation.

“Antisense inhibition” refers to the production of antisense RNAtranscripts capable of suppressing the expression of the target protein.“Co-suppression” refers to the production of sense RNA transcriptscapable of suppressing the expression of identical or substantiallysimilar foreign or endogenous genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,020).Co-suppression constructs in plants previously have been designed byfocusing on overexpression of a nucleic acid sequence having homology toan endogenous mRNA, in the sense orientation, which results in thereduction of all RNA having homology to the overexpressed sequence(Vaucheret et al., Plant J. 16:651-659 (1998); Gura, Nature 404:804-808(2000)). The overall efficiency of this phenomenon is low, and theextent of the RNA reduction is widely variable. More recent work hasdescribed the use of “hairpin” structures that incorporate all, or part,of an mRNA encoding sequence in a complementary orientation that resultsin a potential “stem-loop” structure for the expressed RNA (PCTPublication No. WO 99/53050, published Oct. 21, 1999; PCT PublicationNo. WO 02/00904, published Jan. 3, 2002). This increases the frequencyof co-suppression in the recovered transgenic plants. Another variationdescribes the use of plant viral sequences to direct the suppression, or“silencing”, of proximal mRNA encoding sequences (PCT Publication No. WO98/36083, published Aug. 20, 1998). Both of these co-suppressingphenomena have not been elucidated mechanistically, although geneticevidence has begun to unravel this complex situation (Elmayan et al.,Plant Cell 10:1747-1757 (1998)).

The term “oleaginous” refers to those organisms that tend to store theirenergy source in the form of lipid (Weete, In: Fungal LipidBiochemistry, 2^(nd) Ed., Plenum, 1980). A class of plants identified asoleaginous are commonly referred to as “oilseed” plants. Examples ofoilseed plants include, but are not limited to: soybean (Glycine andSoja sp.), flax (Linum sp.), rapeseed (Brassica sp.), maize, cotton,safflower (Carthamus sp.) and sunflower (Helianthus sp.).

Within oleaginous microorganisms the cellular oil or TAG contentgenerally follows a sigmoid curve, wherein the concentration of lipidincreases until it reaches a maximum at the late logarithmic or earlystationary growth phase and then gradually decreases during the latestationary and death phases (Yongmanitchai and Ward, Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 57:419-25 (1991)). The term “oleaginous yeast” refers tothose microorganisms classified as yeasts that make oil. It is notuncommon for oleaginous microorganisms to accumulate in excess of about25% of their dry cell weight as oil. Examples of oleaginous yeastinclude, but are no means limited to, the following genera: Yarrowia,Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon andLipomyces.

The term “Euglenophyceae” refers to a group of unicellular colorless orphotosynthetic flagellates (“euglenoids”) found living in freshwater,marine, soil, and parasitic environments. The class is characterized bysolitary unicells, wherein most are free-swimming and have two flagella(one of which may be nonemergent) arising from an anterior invaginationknown as a reservoir. Photosynthetic euglenoids contain one to manygrass-green chloroplasts, which vary from minute disks to expandedplates or ribbons. Colorless euglenoids depend on osmotrophy orphagotrophy for nutrient assimilation. About 1000 species have beendescribed and classified into about 40 genera and 6 orders. Examples ofEuglenophyceae include, but are no means limited to, the followinggenera: Euglena, Eutreptiella and Tetruetreptia.

The term “plant” refers to whole plants, plant organs, plant tissues,seeds, plant cells, seeds and progeny of the same. Plant cells include,without limitation, cells from seeds, suspension cultures, embryos,meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots,gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen and microspores.

“Progeny” comprises any subsequent generation of a plant.

An Overview: Microbial Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols

In general, lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms is triggeredin response to the overall carbon to nitrogen ratio present in thegrowth medium. This process, leading to the de novo synthesis of freepalmitate (16:0) in oleaginous microorganisms, is described in detail inPCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757. Palmitate is the precursor oflonger-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid derivates, which areformed through the action of elongases and desaturases (FIG. 1).

TAGs (the primary storage unit for fatty acids) are formed by a seriesof reactions that involve: (1) the esterification of one molecule ofacyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate via an acyltransferase to producelysophosphatidic acid; (2) the esterification of a second molecule ofacyl-CoA via an acyltransferase to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphate(commonly identified as phosphatidic acid); (3) removal of a phosphateby phosphatidic acid phosphatase to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG); and(4) the addition of a third fatty acid by the action of anacyltransferase to form TAG. A wide spectrum of fatty acids can beincorporated into TAGs, including saturated and unsaturated fatty acidsand short-chain and long-chain fatty acids.

Biosynthesis of Omega Fatty Acids

The metabolic process wherein oleic acid is converted to long chainomega-3/omega-6 fatty acids involves elongation of the carbon chainthrough the addition of carbon atoms and desaturation of the moleculethrough the addition of double bonds. This requires a series of specialdesaturation and elongation enzymes present in the endoplasmic reticulimmembrane. However, as seen in FIG. 1 and as described below, there areoften multiple alternate pathways for production of a specific longchain omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid.

Specifically, all pathways require the initial conversion of oleic acidto LA, the first of the omega-6 fatty acids, by a delta-12 desaturase.Then, using the “delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway”, longchain omega-6 fatty acids are formed as follows: (1) LA is converted toEDA by a delta-9 elongase; (2) EDA is converted to DGLA by a delta-8desaturase; and (3) DGLA is converted to ARA by a delta-5 desaturase.Alternatively, the “delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway” can beutilized for formation of long chain omega-3 fatty acids as follows: (1)LA is converted to ALA, the first of the omega-3 fatty acids, by adelta-15 desaturase; (2) ALA is converted to ETrA by a delta-9 elongase;(3) ETrA is converted to ETA by a delta-8 desaturase; (4) ETA isconverted to EPA by a delta-5 desaturase; (5) EPA is converted to DPA bya C_(20/22) elongase; and (6) DPA is converted to DHA by a delta-4desaturase. Optionally, omega-6 fatty acids may be converted to omega-3fatty acids; for example, ETA and EPA are produced from DGLA and ARA,respectively, by delta-17 desaturase activity.

Alternate pathways for the biosynthesis of omega-3/omega-6 fatty acidsutilize a delta-6 desaturase and C_(18/20) elongase (also known asdelta-6 elongase, the terms can be used interchangeably) (i.e., the“delta-6 desaturase/delta-6 elongase pathway”). More specifically, LAand ALA may be converted to GLA and STA, respectively, by a delta-6desaturase; then, a C_(18/20) elongase converts GLA to DGLA and/or STAto ETA.

It is contemplated that the particular functionalities required to beintroduced into a specific host organism for production ofomega-3/omega-6 fatty acids will depend on the host cell (and its nativePUFA profile and/or desaturase/elongase profile), the availability ofsubstrate, and the desired end product(s). For example, expression ofthe delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway may be preferred in someembodiments, as opposed to expression of the delta-6 desaturase/delta-6elongase pathway, since PUFAs produced via the former pathway are devoidof GLA.

One skilled in the art will be able to identify various candidate genesencoding each of the enzymes desired for omega-3/omega-6 fatty acidbiosynthesis. Useful desaturase and elongase sequences may be derivedfrom any source, e.g., isolated from a natural source (from bacteria,algae, fungi, plants, animals, etc.), produced via a semi-syntheticroute or synthesized de novo. Although the particular source of thedesaturase and elongase genes introduced into the host is not critical,considerations for choosing a specific polypeptide having desaturase orelongase activity include: (1) the substrate specificity of thepolypeptide; (2) whether the polypeptide or a component thereof is arate-limiting enzyme; (3) whether the desaturase or elongase isessential for synthesis of a desired PUFA; and/or (4) co-factorsrequired by the polypeptide. The expressed polypeptide preferably hasparameters compatible with the biochemical environment of its locationin the host cell (see PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757 for additionaldetails).

In additional embodiments, it will also be useful to consider theconversion efficiency of each particular desaturase and/or elongase.More specifically, since each enzyme rarely functions with 100%efficiency to convert substrate to product, the final lipid profile ofunpurified oils produced in a host cell will typically be a mixture ofvarious PUFAs consisting of the desired omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid, aswell as various upstream intermediary PUFAs. Thus, consideration of eachenzyme's conversion efficiency is also a variable when optimizingbiosynthesis of a desired fatty acid that must be considered in light ofthe final desired lipid profile of the product.

With each of the considerations above in mind, candidate genes havingthe appropriate desaturase and elongase activities (e.g., delta-6desaturases, C_(18/20) elongases, delta-5 desaturases, delta-17desaturases, delta-15 desaturases, delta-9 desaturases, delta-12desaturases, C_(14/16) elongases, C_(16/18) elongases, delta-9elongases, delta-8 desaturases, delta-4 desaturases and C_(20/22)elongases) can be identified according to publicly available literature(e.g., GenBank), the patent literature, and experimental analysis oforganisms having the ability to produce PUFAs. These genes will besuitable for introduction into a specific host organism, to enable orenhance the organism's synthesis of PUFAs.

Sequence Identification of Novel Delta-5 Desaturases

In the present invention, nucleotide sequences encoding delta-5desaturases have been isolated from Euglena anabaena (designated hereinas “EaD5Des1”).

Thus, the present invention concerns an isolated polynucleotidecomprising:

-   -   (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-5        desaturase activity, wherein the polypeptide has at least 80%        amino acid identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment,        when compared to an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID        NO:13 [EaD5Des1];    -   (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-5        desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence has at        least 80% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of        alignment, when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set forth        in SEQ ID NO:12 [EaD5Des1]; or,    -   (c) a complement of the nucleotide sequence of (a) or (b),        wherein the complement and the nucleotide sequence consist of        the same number of nucleotides and are 100% complementary.

In still another aspect, this invention concerns an isolatedpolynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptidehaving delta-5 desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence hasat least 90% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of alignment,when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12.

The instant EaD5Des1 sequences can be codon-optimized for expression ina particular host organism (see SEQ ID NO:45). As is well known in theart, this can be a useful means to further optimize the expression ofthe enzyme in the alternate host, since use of host-preferred codons cansubstantially enhance the expression of the foreign gene encoding thepolypeptide. In general, host-preferred codons can be determined withina particular host species of interest by examining codon usage inproteins (preferably those expressed in the largest amount) anddetermining which codons are used with highest frequency. Then, thecoding sequence for a polypeptide of interest having e.g., desaturaseactivity can be synthesized in whole or in part using the codonspreferred in the host species.

EaD5Des1 could be codon-optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica,as taught in PCT Publication No. WO 04/101757 and U.S. Pat. No.7,125,672. In one embodiment, it may be desirable to modify a portion ofthe codons encoding EaD5Des1 (as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12) to enhanceexpression of the gene in a host organism including, but not limited to,a plant or plant part.

One skilled in the art would be able to use the teachings herein tocreate various other codon-optimized delta-5 desaturase proteinssuitable for optimal expression in alternate hosts, based on thewildtype EaD5Des1 sequence. Accordingly, the instant invention relatesto any codon-optimized delta-5 desaturase protein that is derived fromthe wildtype EaD5Des1 (i.e., encoded by SEQ ID NO:12).

Identification and Isolation of Homologs

Any of the instant desaturase sequences (i.e., EaD5Des1) or portionsthereof may be used to search for delta-5 desaturase homologs in thesame or other bacterial, algal, fungal, euglenoid or plant species usingsequence analysis software. In general, such computer software matchessimilar sequences by assigning degrees of homology to varioussubstitutions, deletions, and other modifications.

Alternatively, any of the instant desaturase sequences or portionsthereof may also be employed as hybridization reagents for theidentification of delta-5 desaturase homologs. The basic components of anucleic acid hybridization test include a probe, a sample suspected ofcontaining the gene or gene fragment of interest and a specifichybridization method. Probes of the present invention are typicallysingle-stranded nucleic acid sequences that are complementary to thenucleic acid sequences to be detected. Probes are “hybridizable” to thenucleic acid sequence to be detected. Although the probe length can varyfrom 5 bases to tens of thousands of bases, typically a probe length ofabout 15 bases to about 30 bases is suitable. Only part of the probemolecule need be complementary to the nucleic acid sequence to bedetected. In addition, the complementarity between the probe and thetarget sequence need not be perfect. Hybridization does occur betweenimperfectly complementary molecules with the result that a certainfraction of the bases in the hybridized region are not paired with theproper complementary base.

Hybridization methods are well defined. Typically the probe and samplemust be mixed under conditions that will permit nucleic acidhybridization. This involves contacting the probe and sample in thepresence of an inorganic or organic salt under the proper concentrationand temperature conditions. The probe and sample nucleic acids must bein contact for a long enough time that any possible hybridizationbetween the probe and sample nucleic acid may occur. The concentrationof probe or target in the mixture will determine the time necessary forhybridization to occur. The higher the probe or target concentration,the shorter the hybridization incubation time needed. Optionally, achaotropic agent may be added (e.g., guanidinium chloride, guanidiniumthiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, lithium tetrachloroacetate, sodiumperchlorate, rubidium tetrachloroacetate, potassium iodide, cesiumtrifluoroacetate). If desired, one can add formamide to thehybridization mixture, typically 30-50% (v/v).

Various hybridization solutions can be employed. Typically, thesecomprise from about 20 to 60% volume, preferably 30%, of a polar organicsolvent. A common hybridization solution employs about 30-50% v/vformamide, about 0.15 to 1 M sodium chloride, about 0.05 to 0.1 Mbuffers (e.g., sodium citrate, Tris-HCl, PIPES or HEPES (pH range about6-9)), about 0.05 to 0.2% detergent (e.g., sodium dodecylsulfate), orbetween 0.5-20 mM EDTA, FICOLL (Pharmacia Inc.) (about 300-500 kdal),polyvinylpyrrolidone (about 250-500 kdal), and serum albumin. Alsoincluded in the typical hybridization solution will be unlabeled carriernucleic acids from about 0.1 to 5 mg/mL, fragmented nucleic DNA (e.g.,calf thymus or salmon sperm DNA, or yeast RNA), and optionally fromabout 0.5 to 2% wt/vol glycine. Other additives may also be included,such as volume exclusion agents that include a variety of polarwater-soluble or swellable agents (e.g., polyethylene glycol), anionicpolymers (e.g., polyacrylate or polymethylacrylate) and anionicsaccharidic polymers (e.g., dextran sulfate).

Nucleic acid hybridization is adaptable to a variety of assay formats.One of the most suitable is the sandwich assay format. The sandwichassay is particularly adaptable to hybridization under non-denaturingconditions. A primary component of a sandwich-type assay is a solidsupport. The solid support has adsorbed to it or covalently coupled toit immobilized nucleic acid probe that is unlabeled and complementary toone portion of the sequence.

In additional embodiments, any of the delta-5 desaturase nucleic acidfragments described herein (or any homologs identified thereof) may beused to isolate genes encoding homologous proteins from the same orother bacterial, algal, fungal, euglenoid or plant species. Isolation ofhomologous genes using sequence-dependent protocols is well known in theart. Examples of sequence-dependent protocols include, but are notlimited to: (1) methods of nucleic acid hybridization; (2) methods ofDNA and RNA amplification, as exemplified by various uses of nucleicacid amplification technologies [e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR),Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; ligase chain reaction (LCR),Tabor et al., Proc. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1074 (1985); or stranddisplacement amplification (SDA), Walker et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A., 89:392 (1992)]; and (3) methods of library construction andscreening by complementation.

For example, genes encoding similar proteins or polypeptides to thedelta-5 desaturases described herein could be isolated directly by usingall or a portion of the instant nucleic acid fragments as DNAhybridization probes to screen libraries from e.g., any desired yeast orfungus using methodology well known to those skilled in the art (whereinthose organisms producing ARA and/or EPA would be preferred). Specificoligonucleotide probes based upon the instant nucleic acid sequences canbe designed and synthesized by methods known in the art (Maniatis,supra). Moreover, the entire sequences can be used directly tosynthesize DNA probes by methods known to the skilled artisan (e.g.,random primers DNA labeling, nick translation or end-labelingtechniques), or RNA probes using available in vitro transcriptionsystems. In addition, specific primers can be designed and used toamplify a part of (or full-length of) the instant sequences. Theresulting amplification products can be labeled directly duringamplification reactions or labeled after amplification reactions, andused as probes to isolate full-length DNA fragments under conditions ofappropriate stringency.

Typically, in PCR-type amplification techniques, the primers havedifferent sequences and are not complementary to each other. Dependingon the desired test conditions, the sequences of the primers should bedesigned to provide for both efficient and faithful replication of thetarget nucleic acid. Methods of PCR primer design are common and wellknown in the art (Thein and Wallace, “The use of oligonucleotide asspecific hybridization probes in the Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders”, inHuman Genetic Diseases: A Practical Approach, K. E. Davis Ed., (1986) pp33-50, IRL: Herndon, Va.; and Rychlik, W., In Methods in MolecularBiology, White, B. A. Ed., (1993) Vol. 15, pp 31-39, PCR Protocols:Current Methods and Applications. Humania: Totowa, N.J.).

Generally two short segments of the instant sequences may be used in PCRprotocols to amplify longer nucleic acid fragments encoding homologousgenes from DNA or RNA. PCR may also be performed on a library of clonednucleic acid fragments wherein the sequence of one primer is derivedfrom the instant nucleic acid fragments, and the sequence of the otherprimer takes advantage of the presence of the polyadenylic acid tractsto the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor encoding eukaryotic genes.

Alternatively, the second primer sequence may be based upon sequencesderived from the cloning vector. For example, the skilled artisan canfollow the RACE protocol (Frohman et al., PNAS USA 85:8998 (1988)) togenerate cDNAs by using PCR to amplify copies of the region between asingle point in the transcript and the 3′ or 5′ end. Primers oriented inthe 3′ and 5′ directions can be designed from the instant sequences.Using commercially available 3′ RACE or 5′ RACE systems (Gibco/BRL,Gaithersburg, Md.), specific 3′ or 5′ cDNA fragments can be isolated(Ohara et al., PNAS USA 86:5673 (1989); Loh et al., Science 243:217(1989)).

In other embodiments, any of the delta-5 desaturase nucleic acidfragments described herein (or any homologs identified thereof) may beused for creation of new and improved fatty acid desaturases. As is wellknown in the art, in vitro mutagenesis and selection, chemicalmutagenesis, “gene shuffling” methods or other means can be employed toobtain mutations of naturally occurring desaturase genes. Alternatively,improved fatty acids may be synthesized by domain swapping, wherein afunctional domain from any of the delta-5 desaturase nucleic acidfragments described herein are exchanged with a functional domain in analternate desaturase gene to thereby result in a novel protein. As usedherein, “domain” or “functional domain” refer to nucleic acidsequence(s) that are capable of eliciting a biological response inplants.

Methods for Production of Various Omega-3 and/or Omega-6 Fatty Acids

It is expected that introduction of chimeric genes encoding the delta-5desaturases described herein (i.e., EaD5Des1 or other mutant enzymes,codon-optimized enzymes or homologs thereof), under the control of theappropriate promoters will result in increased production of ARA and/orEPA in the transformed host organism, respectively. As such, the presentinvention encompasses a method for the direct production of PUFAscomprising exposing a fatty acid substrate (i.e., DGLA and/or ETA) tothe desaturase enzymes described herein (e.g., EaD5Des1), such that thesubstrate is converted to the desired fatty acid product (i.e., ARAand/or EPA).

More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide amethod for the production of ARA in a plant host cell (e.g. soybean),wherein the plant host cell comprises:

-   -   (a) a recombinant construct encoding a delta-5 desaturase        polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:13;        and,    -   (b) a source of DGLA;        wherein the host plant cell is grown under conditions such that        the delta-5 desaturase is expressed and the DGLA is converted to        ARA, and wherein the ARA is optionally recovered.

In alternate embodiments of the present invention, the delta-5desaturase may be used for the use of the enzyme for the conversion ofETA to EPA. Accordingly the invention provides a method for theproduction of EPA, wherein the host cell comprises:

-   -   (a) a recombinant construct encoding a delta-5 desaturase        polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:13;        and,    -   (b) a source of ETA;        wherein the host plant cell is grown under conditions such that        the delta-5 desaturase is expressed and the ETA is converted to        EPA, and wherein the EPA is optionally recovered.

Alternatively, each delta-5 desaturase gene and its corresponding enzymeproduct described herein can be used indirectly for the production ofvarious omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs, including e.g., DGLA, ETA, ARA, EPA,DPA and/or DHA (see FIG. 1; see also PCT Publication No. WO2004/101757). Indirect production of omega-3/omega-6 PUFAs occurswherein the fatty acid substrate is converted indirectly into thedesired fatty acid product, via means of an intermediate step(s) orpathway intermediate(s). Thus, it is contemplated that the delta-5desaturases described herein (i.e., EaD5Des1, or other mutant enzymes,codon-optimized enzymes or homologs thereof) may be expressed inconjunction with additional genes encoding enzymes of the PUFAbiosynthetic pathway (e.g., delta-6 desaturases, C_(18/20) elongases,delta-17 desaturases, delta-8 desaturases, delta-15 desaturases, delta-9desaturases, delta-12 desaturases, C_(14/16) elongases, C_(16/18)elongases, delta-9 elongases, delta-5 desaturases, delta-4 desaturases,C_(20/22) elongases) to result in higher levels of production oflonger-chain omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids (e.g., ARA, EPA, DPA and DHA).

In preferred embodiments, the delta-5 desaturases of the presentinvention will minimally be expressed in conjunction with a delta-9elongase and a delta-8 desaturases (e.g., a delta-8 desaturase or acodon-optimized delta-8 desaturase). The delta-5 desaturase could alsobe minimally expressed in conjunction with a delta-6 desaturase andC_(18/20) elongases. However, the particular genes included within aparticular expression cassette will depend on the host cell (and itsPUFA profile and/or desaturase/elongase profile), the availability ofsubstrate and the desired end product(s).

When the desired end product is SCI and/or JUP, then the delta-5desaturase will be minimally expressed in conjunction with a delta-9elongase in an organism which makes EDA and/or ERA, respectively.

The term “delta-6 desaturase/delta-6 elongase pathway” also refers to abiosynthetic pathway for production of long-chain PUFAs. This pathway,at a minimum, comprises a delta-6 desaturase and a delta-6 elongase,thereby enabling biosynthesis of DGLA and/or ETA from LA and ALA,respectively. With expression of other desaturases and elongases, ARA,EPA, DPA and DHA may also be synthesized. Occasionally, a delta-6elongase may elongate fatty acids other than the intended fatty acid.For instance, delta-6 elongases generally convert GLA to DGLA but somedelta-6 elongases may also convert unintended substrates such as LA orALA to EDA or ETrA, respectively. In a delta-6 desaturase/delta-6elongase pathway, EDA and ETrA would be considered “by-product fattyacids” as defined herein. Addition of a delta-8 desaturase to a delta-6desaturase/delta-6 elongase pathway would provided a means to convertthe “by-product fatty acids” EDA and ETrA back into the “intermediatefatty acids” (as defined previously) DGLA and ETA, respectively.

Plant Expression Systems, Cassettes and Vectors, and Transformation

In one embodiment, this invention concerns a recombinant constructcomprising any one of the delta-5 desaturase polynucleotides of theinvention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence suitablefor expression in a plant. A promoter is a DNA sequence that directscellular machinery of a plant to produce RNA from the contiguous codingsequence downstream (3′) of the promoter. The promoter region influencesthe rate, developmental stage, and cell type in which the RNA transcriptof the gene is made. The RNA transcript is processed to produce mRNAwhich serves as a template for translation of the RNA sequence into theamino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide. The 5′ non-translatedleader sequence is a region of the mRNA upstream of the protein codingregion that may play a role in initiation and translation of the mRNA.The 3′ transcription termination/polyadenylation signal is anon-translated region downstream of the protein coding region thatfunctions in the plant cell to cause termination of the RNA transcriptand the addition of polyadenylate nucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA.

The origin of the promoter chosen to drive expression of the delta-5desaturase coding sequence is not important as long as it has sufficienttranscriptional activity to accomplish the invention by expressingtranslatable mRNA for the desired nucleic acid fragments in the desiredhost tissue at the right time. Either heterologous or non-heterologous(i.e., endogenous) promoters can be used to practice the invention. Forexample, suitable promoters include, but are not limited to: the alphaprime subunit of beta conglycinin promoter, the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor3 promoter, the annexin promoter, the glycinin Gy1 promoter, the betasubunit of beta conglycinin promoter, the P34/Gly Bd m 30K promoter, thealbumin promoter, the Leg A1 promoter and the Leg A2 promoter.

The annexin, or P34, promoter is described in PCT Publication No. WO2004/071178 (published Aug. 26, 2004). The level of activity of theannexin promoter is comparable to that of many known strong promoters,such as: (1) the CaMV 35S promoter (Atanassova et al., Plant Mol. Biol.37:275-285 (1998); Battraw and Hall, Plant Mol. Biol. 15:527-538 (1990);Holtorf et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 29:637-646 (1995); Jefferson et al.,EMBO J. 6:3901-3907 (1987); Wilmink et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 28:949-955(1995)); (2) the Arabidopsis oleosin promoters (Plant et al., Plant Mol.Biol. 25:193-205 (1994); Li, Texas A&M University Ph.D. dissertation,pp. 107-128 (1997)); (3) the Arabidopsis ubiquitin extension proteinpromoters (Callis et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265(21):12486-93 (1990)); (4) atomato ubiquitin gene promoter (Rollfinke et al., Gene. 211(2):267-76(1998)); (5) a soybean heat shock protein promoter (Schoffl et al., MolGen Genet. 217(2-3):246-53 (1989)); and, (6) a maize H3 histone genepromoter (Atanassova et al., Plant Mol Biol. 37(2):275-85 (1989)).

Another useful feature of the annexin promoter is its expression profilein developing seeds. The annexin promoter is most active in developingseeds at early stages (before 10 days after pollination) and is largelyquiescent in later stages. The expression profile of the annexinpromoter is different from that of many seed-specific promoters, e.g.,seed storage protein promoters, which often provide highest activity inlater stages of development (Chen et al., Dev. Genet. 10:112-122 (1989);Ellerstrom et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 32:1019-1027 (1996); Keddie et al.,Plant Mol. Biol. 24:327-340 (1994); Plant et al., (supra); Li, (supra)).The annexin promoter has a more conventional expression profile butremains distinct from other known seed specific promoters. Thus, theannexin promoter will be a very attractive candidate whenoverexpression, or suppression, of a gene in embryos is desired at anearly developing stage. For example, it may be desirable to overexpressa gene regulating early embryo development or a gene involved in themetabolism prior to seed maturation.

Following identification of an appropriate promoter suitable forexpression of a specific delta-5 desaturase coding sequence, thepromoter is then operably linked in a sense orientation usingconventional means well known to those skilled in the art.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used hereinare well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook, J.et al., In Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; 2^(nd) ed.; ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989(hereinafter “Sambrook et al., 1989”) or Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R.,Kingston, R. E., Moore, D. D., Seidman, J. G., Smith, J. A. and Struhl,K., Eds.; In Current Protocols in Molecular Biology; John Wiley andSons: New York, 1990 (hereinafter “Ausubel et al., 1990”).

Once the recombinant construct has been made, it may then be introducedinto a plant cell of choice by methods well known to those of ordinaryskill in the art (e.g., transfection, transformation andelectroporation). Oilseed plant cells are the preferred plant cells. Thetransformed plant cell is then cultured and regenerated under suitableconditions permitting expression of the long-chain PUFA which is thenoptionally recovered and purified.

The recombinant constructs of the invention may be introduced into oneplant cell; or, alternatively, each construct may be introduced intoseparate plant cells.

Expression in a plant cell may be accomplished in a transient or stablefashion as is described above.

The desired long-chain PUFAs can be expressed in seed. Also within thescope of this invention are seeds or plant parts obtained from suchtransformed plants.

Plant parts include differentiated and undifferentiated tissuesincluding, but not limited to the following: roots, stems, shoots,leaves, pollen, seeds, tumor tissue and various forms of cells andculture (e.g., single cells, protoplasts, embryos and callus tissue).The plant tissue may be in plant or in a plant organ, tissue or cellculture.

The term “plant organ” refers to plant tissue or a group of tissues thatconstitute a morphologically and functionally distinct part of a plant.The term “genome” refers to the following: (1) the entire complement ofgenetic material (genes and non-coding sequences) that is present ineach cell of an organism, or virus or organelle; and/or (2) a completeset of chromosomes inherited as a (haploid) unit from one parent.

Thus, this invention also concerns a method for transforming a cell,comprising transforming a cell with the recombinant construct of theinvention and selecting those cells transformed with the recombinantconstruct of the invention.

Also of interest is a method for producing a transformed plantcomprising transforming a plant cell with the delta-5 desaturasepolynucleotides of the instant invention and regenerating a plant fromthe transformed plant cell.

Methods for transforming dicots (primarily by use of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens) and obtaining transgenic plants have been published, amongothers, for: cotton (U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,863; U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,135);soybean (U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,834; U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,011); Brassica(U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,174); peanut (Cheng et al. Plant Cell Rep.15:653-657 (1996); McKently et al. Plant Cell Rep. 14:699-703 (1995));papaya (Ling, K. et al. Bio/technology 9:752-758 (1991)); and pea (Grantet al. Plant Cell Rep. 15:254-258 (1995)). For a review of othercommonly used methods of plant transformation see Newell, C. A. (Mol.Biotechnol. 16:53-65 (2000)). One of these methods of transformationuses Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Tepfler, M. and Casse-Delbart, F.Microbiol. Sci. 4:24-28 (1987)). Transformation of soybeans using directdelivery of DNA has been published using PEG fusion (PCT Publication No.WO 92/17598), electroporation (Chowrira, G. M. et al., Mol. Biotechnol.3:17-23 (1995); Christou, P. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.84:3962-3966 (1987)), microinjection and particle bombardement (McCabe,D. E. et. al., Bio/Technology 6:923 (1988); Christou et al., PlantPhysiol. 87:671-674 (1988)).

There are a variety of methods for the regeneration of plants from planttissue. The particular method of regeneration will depend on thestarting plant tissue and the particular plant species to beregenerated. The regeneration, development and cultivation of plantsfrom single plant protoplast transformants or from various transformedexplants is well known in the art (Weissbach and Weissbach, In: Methodsfor Plant Molecular Biology, (Eds.), Academic: San Diego, Calif.(1988)). This regeneration and growth process typically includes thesteps of selection of transformed cells and culturing thoseindividualized cells through the usual stages of embryonic developmentthrough the rooted plantlet stage. Transgenic embryos and seeds aresimilarly regenerated. The resulting transgenic rooted shoots arethereafter planted in an appropriate plant growth medium such as soil.Preferably, the regenerated plants are self-pollinated to providehomozygous transgenic plants. Otherwise, pollen obtained from theregenerated plants is crossed to seed-grown plants of agronomicallyimportant lines. Conversely, pollen from plants of these important linesis used to pollinate regenerated plants. A transgenic plant of thepresent invention containing a desired polypeptide is cultivated usingmethods well known to one skilled in the art.

In addition to the above discussed procedures, practitioners arefamiliar with the standard resource materials which describe specificconditions and procedures for: the construction, manipulation andisolation of macromolecules (e.g., DNA molecules, plasmids, etc.); thegeneration of recombinant DNA fragments and recombinant expressionconstructs; and, the screening and isolating of clones. See, forexample: Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, ColdSpring Harbor: NY (1989); Maliga et al., Methods in Plant MolecularBiology, Cold Spring Harbor: NY (1995); Birren et al., Genome Analysis:Detecting Genes, Vol. 1, Cold Spring Harbor: NY (1998); Birren et al.,Genome Analysis: Analyzing DNA, Vol. 2, Cold Spring Harbor: NY (1998);Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, eds. Clark, Springer: NY(1997).

Examples of oilseed plants include, but are not limited to: soybean,Brassica species, sunflower, maize, cotton, flax and safflower.

Examples of PUFAs having at least twenty carbon atoms and four or morecarbon-carbon double bonds include, but are not limited to, omega-3fatty acids such as EPA, DPA and DHA and the omega-6 fatty acid ARA.Seeds obtained from such plants are also within the scope of thisinvention as well as oil obtained from such seeds.

Thus, in one embodiment this invention concerns an oilseed plantcomprising:

-   -   (a) a first recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolated        polynucleotide encoding a delta-5 desaturase polypeptide,        operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence; and,    -   (b) at least one additional recombinant DNA construct comprising        an isolated polynucleotide, operably linked to at least one        regulatory sequence, encoding a polypeptide selected from the        group consisting of a delta-4 desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase,        a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase, a delta-9        desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a delta-12 desaturase, a        delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a C_(14/16)        elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase and a        C_(20/22) elongase.

Additional desaturases are discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,075,183, 5,968,809, 6,136,574, 5,972,664, 6,051,754, 6,410,288 and PCTPublication Nos. WO 98/46763, WO 98/46764, WO 00/12720 and WO 00/40705.

The choice of combination of cassettes used depends in part on the PUFAprofile and/or desaturase/elongase profile of the oilseed plant cells tobe transformed and the long-chain PUFA which is to be expressed.

In another aspect, this invention concerns a method for makinglong-chain PUFAs in a plant cell comprising:

-   -   (a) transforming a plant cell with the recombinant construct of        the invention; and,    -   (b) selecting those transformed plant cells that make long-chain        PUFAs.

In still another aspect, this invention concerns a method for producingat least one PUFA in a soybean cell comprising:

-   -   (a) transforming a soybean cell with a first recombinant DNA        construct comprising:        -   (i) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a delta-5 desaturase            polypeptide, operably linked to at least one regulatory            sequence; and,        -   (ii) at least one additional recombinant DNA construct            comprising an isolated polynucleotide, operably linked to at            least one regulatory sequence, encoding a polypeptide            selected from the group consisting of a delta-4 desaturase,            a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-8            desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a            delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17            desaturase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a            C_(18/20) elongase and a C_(20/22) elongase;    -   (b) regenerating a soybean plant from the transformed cell of        step (a); and,    -   (c) selecting those seeds obtained from the plants of step (b)        having an altered level of PUFAs when compared to the level in        seeds obtained from a nontransformed soybean plant.

In other preferred embodiments, the at least one additional recombinantDNA construct encodes a polypeptide having delta-9 elongase activity,e.g., the delta-9 elongase isolated or derived from Isochtysis galbana(GenBank Accession No. AF390174; IgD9e) or the delta-9 elongase isolatedor derived from Euglena gracilis.

In other preferred embodiments, the at least one additional recombinantDNA construct encodes a polypeptide having delta-8 desaturase activity.For example, PCT Publication No. WO 2005/103253 (published Apr. 22,2005) discloses amino acid and nucleic acid sequences for a delta-8desaturase enzyme from Pavlova salina (see also U.S. Publication No.2005/0273885). Sayanova et al. (FEBS Lett. 580:1946-1952 (2006))describes the isolation and characterization of a cDNA from the freeliving soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii that, when expressed inArabidopsis, encodes a C₂₀ delta-8 desaturase. Also, Applicants'Assignee's co-pending application having U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/737,772 (filed Apr. 20, 2007; Attorney Docket No. BB-1566)discloses amino acid and nucleic acid sequences for a delta-8 desaturaseenzyme from Pavlova lutheri (CCMP459). U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/876,115 (filed Oct. 22, 2007; Attorney Docket No. BB-1574) disclosesamino acid and nucleic acid sequences for a delta-8 desaturase enzymefrom Tetruetreptia pomquetensis CCMP1491, Eutreptiella sp. CCMP389 andEutreptiella cf_(—) gymnastica CCMP1594.

Microbial Expression System,s Cassettes and Vectors, and Transformation

The delta-5 desaturase genes and gene products described herein (i.e.,EaD5Des1, or other mutant enzymes, codon-optimized enzymes or homologsthereof) may also be produced in heterologous microbial host cells,particularly in the cells of oleaginous yeasts (e.g., Yarrowialipolytica).

Microbial expression systems and expression vectors containingregulatory sequences that direct high level expression of foreignproteins are well known to those skilled in the art. Any of these couldbe used to construct chimeric genes for production of any of the geneproducts of the instant sequences. These chimeric genes could then beintroduced into appropriate microorganisms via transformation to providehigh-level expression of the encoded enzymes.

Vectors or DNA cassettes useful for the transformation of suitablemicrobial host cells are well known in the art. The specific choice ofsequences present in the construct is dependent upon the desiredexpression products (supra), the nature of the host cell and theproposed means of separating transformed cells versus non-transformedcells. Typically, however, the vector or cassette contains sequencesdirecting transcription and translation of the relevant gene(s), aselectable marker and sequences allowing autonomous replication orchromosomal integration. Suitable vectors comprise a region 5′ of thegene that controls transcriptional initiation (e.g., a promoter) and aregion 3′ of the DNA fragment that controls transcriptional termination(i.e., a terminator). It is most preferred when both control regions arederived from genes from the transformed microbial host cell, although itis to be understood that such control regions need not be derived fromthe genes native to the specific species chosen as a production host.

Initiation control regions or promoters which are useful to driveexpression of the instant delta-5 desaturase ORFs in the desiredmicrobial host cell are numerous and familiar to those skilled in theart. Virtually any promoter capable of directing expression of thesegenes in the selected host cell is suitable for the present invention.Expression in a microbial host cell can be accomplished in a transientor stable fashion. Transient expression can be accomplished by inducingthe activity of a regulatable promoter operably linked to the gene ofinterest. Stable expression can be achieved by the use of a constitutivepromoter operably linked to the gene of interest. As an example, whenthe host cell is yeast, transcriptional and translational regionsfunctional in yeast cells are provided, particularly from the hostspecies (e.g., see PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/101757 and WO2006/052870 for preferred transcriptional initiation regulatory regionsfor use in Yarrowia lipolytica). Any one of a number of regulatorysequences can be used, depending upon whether constitutive or inducedtranscription is desired, the efficiency of the promoter in expressingthe ORF of interest, the ease of construction and the like.

Nucleotide sequences surrounding the translational initiation codon‘ATG’ have been found to affect expression in yeast cells. If thedesired polypeptide is poorly expressed in yeast, the nucleotidesequences of exogenous genes can be modified to include an efficientyeast translation initiation sequence to obtain optimal gene expression.For expression in yeast, this can be done by site-directed mutagenesisof an inefficiently expressed gene by fusing it in-frame to anendogenous yeast gene, preferably a highly expressed gene.Alternatively, one can determine the consensus translation initiationsequence in the host and engineer this sequence into heterologous genesfor their optimal expression in the host of interest.

The termination region can be derived from the 3′ region of the genefrom which the initiation region was obtained or from a different gene.A large number of termination regions are known and functionsatisfactorily in a variety of hosts (when utilized both in the same anddifferent genera and species from where they were derived). Thetermination region usually is selected more as a matter of conveniencerather than because of any particular property. Preferably, when themicrobial host is a yeast cell, the termination region is derived from ayeast gene (particularly Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Candida,Yarrowia or Kluyveromyces). The 3′-regions of mammalian genes encodingγ-interferon and α-2 interferon are also known to function in yeast.Termination control regions may also be derived from various genesnative to the preferred hosts. Optionally, a termination site may beunnecessary; however, it is most preferred if included. Although notintended to be limiting, termination regions useful in the disclosureherein include: ˜100 by of the 3′ region of the Yarrowia lipolyticaextracellular protease (XPR; GenBank Accession No. M17741); the acyl-coAoxidase (Aco3: GenBank Accession No. AJ001301 and No. CAA04661; Pox3:GenBank Accession No. XP_(—)503244) terminators; the Pex20 (GenBankAccession No. AF054613) terminator; the Pex16 (GenBank Accession No.U75433) terminator; the Lip1 (GenBank Accession No. Z50020) terminator;the Lip2 (GenBank Accession No. AJ012632) terminator; and the3-oxoacyl-coA thiolase (OCT; GenBank Accession No. X69988) terminator.

As one of skill in the art is aware, merely inserting a gene into acloning vector does not ensure that it will be successfully expressed atthe level needed. In response to the need for a high expression rate,many specialized expression vectors have been created by manipulating anumber of different genetic elements that control aspects oftranscription, translation, protein stability, oxygen limitation andsecretion from the microbial host cell. More specifically, some of themolecular features that have been manipulated to control gene expressioninclude: (1) the nature of the relevant transcriptional promoter andterminator sequences; (2) the number of copies of the cloned gene andwhether the gene is plasmid-borne or integrated into the genome of thehost cell; (3) the final cellular location of the synthesized foreignprotein; (4) the efficiency of translation and correct folding of theprotein in the host organism; (5) the intrinsic stability of the mRNAand protein of the cloned gene within the host cell; and (6) the codonusage within the cloned gene, such that its frequency approaches thefrequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell. Each of these typesof modifications are encompassed in the present invention, as means tofurther optimize expression of the delta-5 desaturase described herein.

Once the DNA encoding a polypeptide suitable for expression in anappropriate microbial host cell (e.g., oleaginous yeast) has beenobtained (e.g., a chimeric gene comprising a promoter, ORF andterminator), it is placed in a plasmid vector capable of autonomousreplication in a host cell, or it is directly integrated into the genomeof the host cell. Integration of expression cassettes can occur randomlywithin the host genome or can be targeted through the use of constructscontaining regions of homology with the host genome sufficient to targetrecombination within the host locus. Where constructs are targeted to anendogenous locus, all or some of the transcriptional and translationalregulatory regions can be provided by the endogenous locus.

The preferred method of expressing genes in Yarrowia lipolytica is byintegration of linear DNA into the genome of the host; and, integrationinto multiple locations within the genome can be particularly usefulwhen high level expression of genes are desired [e.g., in the Ura3 locus(GenBank Accession No. AJ306421), the Leu2 gene locus (GenBank AccessionNo. AF260230), the Lys5 gene (GenBank Accession No. M34929), the Aco2gene locus (GenBank Accession No. AJ001300), the Pox3 gene locus (Pox3:GenBank Accession No. XP_(—)503244; or, Aco3: GenBank Accession No.AJ001301), the delta-12 desaturase gene locus (PCT Publication No.WO2004/104167), the Lip1 gene locus (GenBank Accession No. Z50020)and/or the Lip2 gene locus (GenBank Accession No. AJ012632)].

Advantageously, the Ura3 gene can be used repeatedly in combination with5-fluoroorotic acid (5-fluorouracil-6-carboxylic acid monohydrate;“5-FOA”) selection (infra), to readily permit genetic modifications tobe integrated into the Yarrowia genome in a facile manner.

Where two or more genes are expressed from separate replicating vectors,it is desirable that each vector has a different means of selection andshould lack homology to the other construct(s) to maintain stableexpression and prevent reassortment of elements among constructs.Judicious choice of regulatory regions, selection means and method ofpropagation of the introduced construct(s) can be experimentallydetermined so that all introduced genes are expressed at the necessarylevels to provide for synthesis of the desired products.

Constructs comprising the gene of interest may be introduced into amicrobial host cell by any standard technique. These techniques includetransformation (e.g., lithium acetate transformation [Methods inEnzymology, 194:186-187 (1991)]), protoplast fusion, bolistic impact,electroporation, microinjection, or any other method that introduces thegene of interest into the host cell. More specific teachings applicablefor oleaginous yeasts (i.e., Yarrowia lipolytica) include U.S. Pat. No.4,880,741 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,071,764 and Chen, D. C. et al. (Appl.Microbiol. Biotechnol., 48(2):232-235 (1997)).

For convenience, a host cell that has been manipulated by any method totake up a DNA sequence (e.g., an expression cassette) will be referredto as “transformed” or “recombinant” herein. Thus, the term“transformed” and “recombinant” are used interchangeably herein. Thetransformed host will have at least one copy of the expression constructand may have two or more, depending upon whether the gene is integratedinto the genome, amplified or is present on an extrachromosomal elementhaving multiple copy numbers.

The transformed host cell can be identified by various selectiontechniques, as described in PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/101757 and WO2006/052870. Preferred selection methods for use herein are resistanceto kanamycin, hygromycin and the amino glycoside G418, as well asability to grow on media lacking uracil, leucine, lysine, tryptophan orhistidine. In alternate embodiments, 5-FOA is used for selection ofyeast Ura− mutants. The compound is toxic to yeast cells that possess afunctioning URA3 gene encoding orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase(OMP decarboxylase); thus, based on this toxicity, 5-FOA is especiallyuseful for the selection and identification of Ura⁻ mutant yeast strains(Bartel, P. L. and Fields, S., Yeast 2-Hybrid System, Oxford University:New York, v. 7, pp 109-147, 1997). More specifically, one can firstknockout the native Ura3 gene to produce a strain having a Ura−phenotype, wherein selection occurs based on 5-FOA resistance. Then, acluster of multiple chimeric genes and a new Ura3 gene can be integratedinto a different locus of the Yarrowia genome to thereby produce a newstrain having a Ura+ phenotype. Subsequent integration produces a newUra3− strain (again identified using 5-FOA selection), when theintroduced Ura3 gene is knocked out. Thus, the Ura3 gene (in combinationwith 5-FOA selection) can be used as a selection marker in multiplerounds of transformation.

Following transformation, substrates suitable for the instant delta-5desaturase (and, optionally other PUFA enzymes that are co-expressedwithin the host cell) may be produced by the host either naturally ortransgenically, or they may be provided exogenously.

Microbial host cells for expression of the instant genes and nucleicacid fragments may include hosts that grow on a variety of feedstocks,including simple or complex carbohydrates, fatty acids, organic acids,oils and alcohols, and/or hydrocarbons over a wide range of temperatureand pH values. Based on the needs of the Applicants' Assignee, the genesdescribed in the instant invention will be expressed in an oleaginousyeast (and in particular Yarrowia lipolytica); however, it iscontemplated that because transcription, translation and the proteinbiosynthetic apparatus is highly conserved, any bacteria, yeast, algaeand/or fungus will be a suitable microbial host for expression of thepresent nucleic acid fragments.

Preferred microbial hosts, however, are oleaginous yeasts. Theseorganisms are naturally capable of oil synthesis and accumulation,wherein the oil can comprise greater than about 25% of the cellular dryweight, more preferably greater than about 30% of the cellular dryweight, and most preferably greater than about 40% of the cellular dryweight. Genera typically identified as oleaginous yeast include, but arenot limited to: Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium,Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Lipomyces. More specifically,illustrative oil-synthesizing yeasts include: Rhodosporidium toruloides,Lipomyces starkeyii, L. lipoferus, Candida revkaufi, C. pulcherrima, C.tropicalis, C. utilis, Trichosporon pullans, T. cutaneum, Rhodotorulaglutinus, R. graminis, and Yarrowia lipolytica (formerly classified asCandida lipolytica).

Most preferred is the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica; and, in afurther embodiment, most preferred are the Y. lipolytica strainsdesignated as ATCC #20362, ATCC #8862, ATCC #18944, ATCC #76982 and/orLGAM S(7)1 (Papanikolaou S., and Aggelis G., Bioresour. Technol.82(1):43-9 (2002)).

Historically, various strains of Y. lipolytica have been used for themanufacture and production of: isocitrate lyase; lipases;polyhydroxyalkanoates; citric acid; erythritol; 2-oxoglutaric acid;γ-decalactone; γ-dodecalatone; and pyruvic acid. Specific teachingsapplicable for engineering ARA, EPA and DHA production in Y. lipolyticaare provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/264,784 (WO2006/055322), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/265,761 (WO2006/052870) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/264,737 (WO2006/052871), respectively.

Other preferred microbial hosts include oleaginous bacteria, algae andother fungi; and, within this broad group of microbial hosts, ofparticular interest are microorganisms that synthesize omega-3/omega-6fatty acids (or those that can be genetically engineered for thispurpose [e.g., other yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae]). Thus, forexample, transformation of Mortierella alpina (which is commerciallyused for production of ARA) with any of the present delta-5 desaturasegenes under the control of inducible or regulated promoters could yielda transformant organism capable of synthesizing increased quantities ofDGLA. The method of transformation of M. alpina is described byMackenzie et al. (Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66:4655 (2000)). Similarly,methods for transformation of Thraustochytriales microorganisms aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,001,772.

Metabolic Engineering of Omega-3 and/or Omega-6 Fatty Acid Biosynthesisin Microbes

Methods for manipulating biochemical pathways are well known to thoseskilled in the art; and, it is expected that numerous manipulations willbe possible to maximize omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acid biosynthesisin oleaginous yeasts, and particularly, in Yarrowia lipolytica. Thismanipulation may require metabolic engineering directly within the PUFAbiosynthetic pathway or additional coordinated manipulation of variousother metabolic pathways.

In the case of manipulations within the PUFA biosynthetic pathway, itmay be desirable to increase the production of LA to enable increasedproduction of omega-6 and/or omega-3 fatty acids. Introducing and/oramplifying genes encoding delta-9 and/or delta-12 desaturases mayaccomplish this. To maximize production of omega-6 unsaturated fattyacids, it is well known to one skilled in the art that production isfavored in a host microorganism that is substantially free of ALA; thus,preferably, the host is selected or obtained by removing or inhibitingdelta-15 or omega-3 type desaturase activity that permits conversion ofLA to ALA. Alternatively, it may be desirable to maximize production ofomega-3 fatty acids (and minimize synthesis of omega-6 fatty acids). Inthis example, one could utilize a host microorganism wherein thedelta-12 desaturase activity that permits conversion of oleic acid to LAis removed or inhibited; subsequently, appropriate expression cassetteswould be introduced into the host, along with appropriate substrates(e.g., ALA) for conversion to omega-3 fatty acid derivatives of ALA(e.g., STA, ETrA, ETA, EPA, DPA, DHA).

In alternate embodiments, biochemical pathways competing with theomega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathways for energy orcarbon, or native PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzymes that interfere withproduction of a particular PUFA end-product, may be eliminated by genedisruption or down-regulated by other means (e.g., antisense mRNA).

Detailed discussion of manipulations within the PUFA biosyntheticpathway as a means to increase ARA, EPA or DHA (and associatedtechniques thereof) are presented in PCT Publication Nos. WO2006/055322, WO 2006/052870 and WO 2006/052871, respectively, as aredesirable manipulations in the TAG biosynthetic pathway and the TAGdegradation pathway (and associated techniques thereof).

Within the context of the present invention, it may be useful tomodulate the expression of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway by anyone of the strategies described above. For example, the presentinvention provides methods whereby genes encoding key enzymes in thedelta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase biosynthetic pathway are introducedinto plants for the production of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids. Itwill be particularly useful to express the present the delta-5desaturase genes in plants that do not naturally possess omega-3 and/oromega-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathways and coordinate the expressionof these genes, to maximize production of preferred PUFA products usingvarious means for metabolic engineering of the host organism.

Microbial Fermentation Processes for PUFA Production

The transformed host cell is grown under conditions that optimizeexpression of chimeric desaturase genes and produce the greatest and themost economical yield of desired PUFAs. In general, media conditionsthat may be optimized include the type and amount of carbon source, thetype and amount of nitrogen source, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, theamount of different mineral ions, the oxygen level, growth temperature,pH, length of the biomass production phase, length of the oilaccumulation phase and the time and method of cell harvest. Yarrowialipolytica are generally grown in complex media (e.g., yeastextract-peptone-dextrose broth (YPD)) or a defined minimal media thatlacks a component necessary for growth and thereby forces selection ofthe desired expression cassettes (e.g., Yeast Nitrogen Base (DIFCOLaboratories, Detroit, Mich.)).

Fermentation media may contain a suitable carbon source. Suitable carbonsources are taught in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757. Although it iscontemplated that the source of carbon utilized in may encompass a widevariety of carbon-containing sources, preferred carbon sources aresugars, glycerol, and/or fatty acids. Most preferred is glucose and/orfatty acids containing between 10-22 carbons.

Nitrogen may be supplied from an inorganic (e.g., (NH₄)₂SO₄) or organic(e.g., urea or glutamate) source. In addition to appropriate carbon andnitrogen sources, the fermentation media must also contain suitableminerals, salts, cofactors, buffers, vitamins and other components knownto those skilled in the art suitable for the growth of the oleaginoushost and promotion of the enzymatic pathways necessary for PUFAproduction. Particular attention is given to several metal ions (e.g.,Mn⁺², Co⁺², Zn⁺², Mg⁺²) that promote synthesis of lipids and PUFAs(Nakahara, T. et al., Ind. Appl. Single Cell Oils, D. J. Kyle and R.Colin, eds. pp 61-97 (1992)).

Preferred growth media are common commercially prepared media, such asYeast Nitrogen Base (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.). Other definedor synthetic growth media may also be used and the appropriate mediumfor growth of the transformant host cells will be known by one skilledin the art of microbiology or fermentation science. A suitable pH rangefor the fermentation is typically between about pH 4.0 to pH 8.0,wherein pH 5.5 to pH 7.5 is preferred as the range for the initialgrowth conditions. The fermentation may be conducted under aerobic oranaerobic conditions, wherein microaerobic conditions are preferred.

Typically, accumulation of high levels of PUFAs in oleaginous yeastcells requires a two-stage process, since the metabolic state must be“balanced” between growth and synthesis/storage of fats. Thus, mostpreferably, a two-stage fermentation process is necessary for theproduction of PUFAs in oleaginous yeast (e.g., Yarrowia lipolytica).This approach is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757, as arevarious suitable fermentation process designs (i.e., batch, fed-batchand continuous) and considerations during growth.

Purification and Processing of PUFA Oils

PUFAs may be found in the host microorganisms and plants as free fattyacids or in esterified forms such as acylglycerols, phospholipids,sulfolipids or glycolipids, and may be extracted from the host cellsthrough a variety of means well-known in the art. One review ofextraction techniques, quality analysis and acceptability standards foryeast lipids is that of Z. Jacobs (Critical Reviews in Biotechnology,12(5/6):463-491 (1992)). A brief review of downstream processing is alsoavailable by A. Singh and O. Ward (Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 45:271-312(1997)).

In general, means for the purification of PUFAs may include extractionwith organic solvents, sonication, supercritical fluid extraction (e.g.,using carbon dioxide), saponification and physical means such aspresses, or combinations thereof. One is referred to the teachings ofPCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757 for additional details. Methods ofisolating seed oils are well known in the art: (Young et al., Processingof Fats and Oils, In The Lipid Handbook, Gunstone et al., eds., Chapter5 pp 253-257; Chapman & Hall: London (1994)). For example, soybean oilis produced using a series of steps involving the extraction andpurification of an edible oil product from the oil-bearing seed. Soybeanoils and soybean byproducts are produced using the generalized stepsshown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Generalized Steps for Soybean Oil and Byproduct ProductionProcess Impurities Removed and/or Step Process By-Products Obtained # 1soybean seed # 2 oil extraction meal # 3 degumming lecithin # 4 alkalior physical refining gums, free fatty acids, pigments # 5 water washingsoap # 6 bleaching color, soap, metal # 7 (hydrogenation) # 8(winterization) stearine # 9 deodorization free fatty acids,tocopherols, sterols, volatiles # 10  oil products

More specifically, soybean seeds are cleaned, tempered, dehulled andflaked, thereby increasing the efficiency of oil extraction. Oilextraction is usually accomplished by solvent (e.g., hexane) extractionbut can also be achieved by a combination of physical pressure and/orsolvent extraction. The resulting oil is called crude oil. The crude oilmay be degummed by hydrating phospholipids and other polar and neutrallipid complexes that facilitate their separation from the nonhydrating,triglyceride fraction (soybean oil). The resulting lecithin gums may befurther processed to make commercially important lecithin products usedin a variety of food and industrial products as emulsification andrelease (i.e., antisticking) agents. Degummed oil may be further refinedfor the removal of impurities (primarily free fatty acids, pigments andresidual gums). Refining is accomplished by the addition of a causticagent that reacts with free fatty acid to form soap and hydratesphosphatides and proteins in the crude oil. Water is used to wash outtraces of soap formed during refining. The soapstock byproduct may beused directly in animal feeds or acidulated to recover the free fattyacids. Color is removed through adsorption with a bleaching earth thatremoves most of the chlorophyll and carotenoid compounds. The refinedoil can be hydrogenated, thereby resulting in fats with various meltingproperties and textures. Winterization (fractionation) may be used toremove stearine from the hydrogenated oil through crystallization undercarefully controlled cooling conditions. Deodorization (principally viasteam distillation under vacuum) is the last step and is designed toremove compounds which impart odor or flavor to the oil. Other valuablebyproducts such as tocopherols and sterols may be removed during thedeodorization process. Deodorized distillate containing these byproductsmay be sold for production of natural vitamin E and other high-valuepharmaceutical products. Refined, bleached, (hydrogenated, fractionated)and deodorized oils and fats may be packaged and sold directly orfurther processed into more specialized products. A more detailedreference to soybean seed processing, soybean oil production andbyproduct utilization can be found in Erickson, Practical Handbook ofSoybean Processing and Utilization, The American Oil Chemists' Societyand United Soybean Board (1995). Soybean oil is liquid at roomtemperature because it is relatively low in saturated fatty acids whencompared with oils such as coconut, palm, palm kernel and cocoa butter.

Plant and microbial oils containing PUFAs that have been refined and/orpurified can be hydrogenated, to thereby result in fats with variousmelting properties and textures. Many processed fats (including spreads,confectionary fats, hard butters, margarines, baking shortenings, etc.)require varying degrees of solidity at room temperature and can only beproduced through alteration of the source oil's physical properties.This is most commonly achieved through catalytic hydrogenation.

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which hydrogen is added to theunsaturated fatty acid double bonds with the aid of a catalyst such asnickel. For example, high oleic soybean oil contains unsaturated oleic,LA and linolenic fatty acids and each of these can be hydrogenated.Hydrogenation has two primary effects. First, the oxidative stability ofthe oil is increased as a result of the reduction of the unsaturatedfatty acid content. Second, the physical properties of the oil arechanged because the fatty acid modifications increase the melting pointresulting in a semi-liquid or solid fat at room temperature.

There are many variables which affect the hydrogenation reaction, whichin turn alter the composition of the final product. Operating conditionsincluding pressure, temperature, catalyst type and concentration,agitation and reactor design are among the more important parametersthat can be controlled. Selective hydrogenation conditions can be usedto hydrogenate the more unsaturated fatty acids in preference to theless unsaturated ones. Very light or brush hydrogenation is oftenemployed to increase stability of liquid oils. Further hydrogenationconverts a liquid oil to a physically solid fat. The degree ofhydrogenation depends on the desired performance and meltingcharacteristics designed for the particular end product. Liquidshortenings (used in the manufacture of baking products, solid fats andshortenings used for commercial frying and roasting operations) and basestocks for margarine manufacture are among the myriad of possible oiland fat products achieved through hydrogenation. A more detaileddescription of hydrogenation and hydrogenated products can be found inPatterson, H. B. W., Hydrogenation of Fats and Oils: Theory andPractice. The American Oil Chemists' Society (1994).

Hydrogenated oils have become somewhat controversial due to the presenceof trans-fatty acid isomers that result from the hydrogenation process.Ingestion of large amounts of trans-isomers has been linked withdetrimental health effects including increased ratios of low density tohigh density lipoproteins in the blood plasma and increased risk ofcoronary heart disease.

PUFA-Containing Oils for Use in Foodstuffs

The market place currently supports a large variety of food and feedproducts, incorporating omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids (particularlyARA, EPA and DHA). It is contemplated that the plant/seed oils, alteredseeds and microbial oils of the invention comprising PUFAs will functionin food and feed products to impart the health benefits of currentformulations. Compared to other vegetable oils, the oils of theinvention are believed to function similarly to other oils in foodapplications from a physical standpoint (for example, partiallyhydrogenated oils such as soybean oil are widely used as ingredients forsoft spreads, margarine and shortenings for baking and frying).

Plant/seed oils, altered seeds and microbial oils containing omega-3and/or omega-6 fatty acids as described herein will be suitable for usein a variety of food and feed products including, but not limited to:food analogs, meat products, cereal products, baked foods, snack foodsand dairy products. Additionally, the present plant/seed oils, alteredseeds and microbial oils may be used in formulations to impart healthbenefit in medical foods including medical nutritionals, dietarysupplements, infant formula as well as pharmaceutical products. One ofskill in the art of food processing and food formulation will understandhow the amount and composition of the plant and microbial oils may beadded to the food or feed product. Such an amount will be referred toherein as an “effective” amount and will depend on the food or feedproduct, the diet that the product is intended to supplement or themedical condition that the medical food or medical nutritional isintended to correct or treat.

Food analogs can be made using processes well known to those skilled inthe art. There can be mentioned meat analogs, cheese analogs, milkanalogs and the like. Meat analogs made from soybeans contain soyprotein or tofu and other ingredients mixed together to simulate variouskinds of meats. These meat alternatives are sold as frozen, canned ordried foods. Usually, they can be used the same way as the foods theyreplace. Meat alternatives made from soybeans are excellent sources ofprotein, iron and B vitamins. Examples of meat analogs include, but arenot limited to: ham analogs, sausage analogs, bacon analogs, and thelike.

Food analogs can be classified as imitation or substitutes depending ontheir functional and compositional characteristics. For example, animitation cheese need only resemble the cheese it is designed toreplace. However, a product can generally be called a substitute cheeseonly if it is nutritionally equivalent to the cheese it is replacing andmeets the minimum compositional requirements for that cheese. Thus,substitute cheese will often have higher protein levels than imitationcheeses and be fortified with vitamins and minerals.

Milk analogs or nondairy food products include, but are not limited to,imitation milks and nondairy frozen desserts (e.g., those made fromsoybeans and/or soy protein products).

Meat products encompass a broad variety of products. In the UnitedStates “meat” includes “red meats” produced from cattle, hogs and sheep.In addition to the red meats there are poultry items which includechickens, turkeys, geese, guineas, ducks and the fish and shellfish.There is a wide assortment of seasoned and processed meat products:fresh, cured and fried, and cured and cooked. Sausages and hot dogs areexamples of processed meat products. Thus, the term “meat products” asused herein includes, but is not limited to, processed meat products.

A cereal food product is a food product derived from the processing of acereal grain. A cereal grain includes any plant from the grass familythat yields an edible grain (seed). The most popular grains are barley,corn, millet, oats, quinoa, rice, rye, sorghum, triticale, wheat andwild rice. Examples of a cereal food product include, but are notlimited to: whole grain, crushed grain, grits, flour, bran, germ,breakfast cereals, extruded foods, pastas, and the like.

A baked goods product comprises any of the cereal food productsmentioned above and has been baked or processed in a manner comparableto baking (i.e., to dry or harden by subjecting to heat). Examples of abaked good product include, but are not limited to: bread, cakes,doughnuts, bars, pastas, bread crumbs, baked snacks, mini-biscuits,mini-crackers, mini-cookies, and mini-pretzels. As was mentioned above,oils of the invention can be used as an ingredient.

A snack food product comprises any of the above or below described foodproducts.

A fried food product comprises any of the above or below described foodproducts that has been fried.

A health food product is any food product that imparts a health benefit.Many oilseed-derived food products may be considered as health foods.

A beverage can be in a liquid or in a dry powdered form.

For example, there can be mentioned non-carbonated drinks such as fruitjuices, fresh, frozen, canned or concentrate; flavored or plain milkdrinks, etc. Adult and infant nutritional formulas are well known in theart and commercially available (e.g., Similac®, Ensure®, Jevity®, andAlimentum® from Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories).

Infant formulas are liquids or reconstituted powders fed to infants andyoung children. “Infant formula” is defined herein as an enteralnutritional product which can be substituted for human breast milk infeeding infants and typically is composed of a desired percentage of fatmixed with desired percentages of carbohydrates and proteins in anaquous solution (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,285). Based on theworldwide composition studies, as well as levels specified by expertgroups, average human breast milk typically contains about 0.20% to0.40% of total fatty acids (assuming about 50% of calories from fat);and, generally the ratio of DHA to ARA would range from about 1:1 to 1:2(see, e.g., formulations of Enfamil LIPIL™ (Mead Johnson & Company) andSimilac Advance™ (Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories)). Infantformulas have a special role to play in the diets of infants becausethey are often the only source of nutrients for infants; and, althoughbreast-feeding is still the best nourishment for infants, infant formulais a close enough second that babies not only survive but thrive.

A dairy product is a product derived from milk. A milk analog ornondairy product is derived from a source other than milk, for example,soymilk as was discussed above. These products include, but are notlimited to: whole milk, skim milk, fermented milk products such asyogurt or sour milk, cream, butter, condensed milk, dehydrated milk,coffee whitener, coffee creamer, ice cream, cheese, etc.

Additional food products into which the PUFA-containing oils of theinvention could be included are, for example, chewing gums, confectionsand frostings, gelatins and puddings, hard and soft candies, jams andjellies, white granulated sugar, sugar substitutes, sweet sauces,toppings and syrups, and dry-blended powder mixes.

PUFA-Containing Oils For Use in Health Food Products and Pharmaceuticals

A health food product is any food product that imparts a health benefitand include functional foods, medical foods, medical nutritionals anddietary supplements. Additionally, the plant/seed oils, altered seedsand microbial oils of the invention may be used in standardpharmaceutical compositions (e.g., the long-chain PUFA containing oilscould readily be incorporated into the any of the above mentioned foodproducts, to thereby produce a functional or medical food). Moreconcentrated formulations comprising PUFAs include capsules, powders,tablets, softgels, gelcaps, liquid concentrates and emulsions which canbe used as a dietary supplement in humans or animals other than humans.

PUFA-Containing Oils For Use in Animal Feeds

Animal feeds are generically defined herein as products intended for useas feed or for mixing in feed for animals other than humans. Theplant/seed oils, altered seeds and microbial oils of the invention canbe used as an ingredient in various animal feeds.

More specifically, although not limited therein, it is expected that theoils of the invention can be used within pet food products, ruminant andpoultry food products and aquacultural food products. Pet food productsare those products intended to be fed to a pet (e.g., dog, cat, bird,reptile, rodent). These products can include the cereal and health foodproducts above, as well as meat and meat byproducts, soy proteinproducts, grass and hay products (e.g., alfalfa, timothy, oat or bromegrass, vegetables). Ruminant and poultry food products are those whereinthe product is intended to be fed to an animal (e.g., turkeys, chickens,cattle, swine). As with the pet foods above, these products can includecereal and health food products, soy protein products, meat and meatbyproducts, and grass and hay products as listed above. Aquaculturalfood products (or “aquafeeds”) are those products intended to be used inaquafarming, i.e., which concerns the propagation, cultivation orfarming of aquatic organisms and/or animals in fresh or marine waters.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further defined in the following Examples, inwhich parts and percentages are by weight and degrees are Celsius,unless otherwise stated. It should be understood that these Examples,while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given byway of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples,one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics ofthis invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof,can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt itto various usages and conditions. Thus, various modifications of theinvention in addition to those shown and described herein will beapparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description.Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of theappended claims.

The meaning of abbreviations is as follows: “sec” means second(s), “min”means minute(s), “h” means hour(s), “d” means day(s), “μL” meansmicroliter(s), “mL” means milliliter(s), “L” means liter(s), “μM” meansmicromolar, “mM” means millimolar, “M” means molar, “mmol” meansmillimole(s), “μmole” mean micromole(s), “g” means gram(s), “μg” meansmicrogram(s), “ng” means nanogram(s), “U” means unit(s), “bp” means basepair(s) and “kB” means kilobase(s).

General Methods:

Transformation and Cultivation of Yarrowia lipolytica:

Yarrowia lipolytica strains with ATCC Accession Nos. #20362, #76982 and#90812 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection(Rockville, Md.). Yarrowia lipolytica strains were typically grown at28° C. on YPD agar (1% yeast extract, 2% bactopeptone, 2% glucose, 2%agar).

Transformation of Yarrowia lipolytica was performed according to themethod of Chen, D. C. et al. (Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 48(2):232-235(1997)), unless otherwise noted. Briefly, Yarrowia was streaked onto aYPD plate and grown at 30° C. for approximately 18 h. Several largeloopfuls of cells were scraped from the plate and resuspended in 1 mL oftransformation buffer, comprising: 2.25 mL of 50% PEG, average MW 3350;0.125 mL of 2 M lithium acetate, pH 6.0; 0.125 mL of 2 M DTT; and 50 μgsheared salmon sperm DNA. Then, approximately 500 ng of linearizedplasmid DNA was incubated in 100 μL of resuspended cells, and maintainedat 39° C. for 1 h with vortex mixing at 15 min intervals. The cells wereplated onto selection media plates and maintained at 30° C. for 2 to 3days.

For selection of transformants, minimal medium (“MM”) was generallyused; the composition of MM is as follows: 0.17% yeast nitrogen base(Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) without ammonium sulfate or aminoacids, 2% glucose, 0.1% proline, pH 6.1). Supplements of uracil wereadded as appropriate to a final concentration of 0.01% (therebyproducing “MMU” selection media, prepared with 20 g/L agar).

Alternatively, transformants were selected on 5-fluoroorotic acid(“FOA”; also 5-fluorouracil-6-carboxylic acid monohydrate) selectionmedia, comprising: 0.17% yeast nitrogen base (Difco Laboratories,Detroit, Mich.) without ammonium sulfate or amino acids, 2% glucose,0.1% proline, 75 mg/L uracil, 75 mg/L uridine, 900 mg/L FOA (ZymoResearch Corp., Orange, Calif.) and 20 g/L agar.

Fatty Acid Analysis of Yarrowia lipolytica:

For fatty acid analysis, cells were collected by centrifugation andlipids were extracted as described in Bligh, E. G. & Dyer, W. J. (Can.J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:911-917 (1959)). Fatty acid methyl esters wereprepared by transesterification of the lipid extract with sodiummethoxide (Roughan, G. and Nishida I., Arch Biochem Biophys.276(1):38-46 (1990)) and subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard6890 GC fitted with a 30 m×0.25 mm (i.d.) HP-INNOWAX (Hewlett-Packard)column. The oven temperature was from 170° C. (25 min hold) to 185° C.at 3.5° C./min.

For direct base transesterification, Yarrowia culture (3 mL) washarvested, washed once in distilled water, and dried under vacuum in aSpeed-Vac for 5-10 min. Sodium methoxide (100 μL of 1%) was added to thesample, and then the sample was vortexed and rocked for 20 min. Afteradding 3 drops of 1 M NaCl and 400 μL hexane, the sample was vortexedand spun. The upper layer was removed and analyzed by GC as describedabove.

Example 1 Synthesis of a cDNA Library From Euglena anabaena UTEX 373

The present Example describes the synthesis of a cDNA library fromEuglena anabaena UTEX 373. This work included the generation of RNA,synthesis of cDNA, and generation of a cDNA library.

Growth of Euglena anabaena UTEX 373 and Preparation of RNA

Euglena anabaena UTEX 373 was obtained from Dr. Richard Triemer's lab atMichigan State University (East Lansing, Mich.). Approximately 2 mL ofculture was removed for lipid analysis and centrifuged at 1,800×g for 5min. The pellet was washed once with water and re-centrifuged. Theresulting pellet was dried for 5 min under vacuum, resuspended in 100 μLof trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) and incubated at room temperaturefor 15 min with shaking. After this step, 0.5 mL of hexane was added andthe vials were incubated for 15 min at room temperature with shaking.Fatty acid methyl esters (5 μL injected from hexane layer) wereseparated and quantified using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 Gas Chromatographfitted with an Omegawax 320 fused silica capillary column (Supelco Inc.,Cat. No. 24152). The oven temperature was programmed to hold at 170° C.for 1.0 min, increase to 240° C. at 5° C./min and then hold for anadditional 1.0 min. Carrier gas was supplied by a Whatman hydrogengenerator. Retention times were compared to those for methyl esters ofstandards commercially available (Nu-Chek Prep, Inc. Cat. No. U-99-A)and the resulting chromatogram is shown in FIG. 10. The presence of EDA,ERA, EPA and DHA in the fatty acid profile, with the absence of GLA andSTA, suggested that Euglena anabaena uses the delta-9 elongase/delta-8desaturase pathway for LC-PUFA biosynthesis and would be a good sourcefor LC-PUFA biosynthetic genes such as, but not limited to, delta-5desaturases.

The remaining 5 mL of an actively growing culture was transferred into25 mL of AF-6 Medium (Watanabe & Hiroki, NIES-Collection List ofStrains, 5^(th) ed., National Institute for Environmental Studies,Tsukuba, 127 pp (2004)) in a 125 mL glass flask. Euglena anabaenacultures were grown at 22° C. with a 16 h light, 8 h dark cycle for 2weeks with very gentle agitation.

After 2 weeks, the culture (25 mL) was transferred to 100 mL of AF-6medium in a 500 mL glass bottle and the culture was grown for 1 month asdescribed above. After this time, two 50 mL aliquots were transferredinto two separate 500 mL glass bottles containing 250 mL of AF-6 mediumand the cultures were grown for two months as described above (giving atotal of ˜600 mL of culture). Next, the cultures were pelleted bycentrifugation at 1,800×g for 10 min, washed once with water andre-centrifuged. Total RNA was extracted from one of the resultingpellets using the RNA STAT-60™ reagent (TEL-TEST, Inc., Friendswood,Tex.) and following the manufacturer's protocol provided (use 5 mL ofreagent, dissolved RNA in 0.5 mL of water). In this way, 340 μg of totalRNA (680 μg/mL) was obtained from the pellet. The remaining pellet wasfrozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. The mRNA was isolatedfrom all 340 μg of total RNA using the mRNA Purification Kit (AmershamBiosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) following the manufacturer's protocolprovided. In this way, 9.0 μg of mRNA was obtained.

Preparation of Euglena anabaena cDNA and Generation of cDNA Libraryeug1c

A cDNA library was generated using the Cloneminer™ cDNA LibraryConstruction Kit (Cat. No. 18249-029, Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad,Calif.) and following the manufacturer's protocol provided (Version B,25-0608). Using the non-radiolabeling method, cDNA was synthesized from5.12 μg of mRNA (described above) using the Biotin-attB2-Oligo(dT)primer. After synthesis of the first and second strand, the attB1adapter was added, ligated and the cDNA was size fractionated usingcolumn chromatography. DNA from fractions were concentrated, recombinedinto pDONR™222 and transformed into E. coli ElectroMAX™ DH10B™ T1Phage-Resistant cells (Invitrogen Corporation). The Euglena anabaenalibrary was named eug1c.

The cDNA library eug1c was plated onto LBKan plates (approx. 100,000colonies), the colonies were scraped off and DNA was isolated using theQIAprep® Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.) following themanufacturer's protocol. In this way, a plasmid DNA sub-library fromeug1c was obtained.

Example 2 Isolation of the Full-length Delta-5 Desaturases from Euglenaanabaena UTEX 373

The present Example describes the identification of a cDNA (SEQ ID NO:1)encoding delta-5 desaturase from Euglena anabaena UTEX 373. This workincluded the generation of a probe derived from the Euglena gracilisdelta-5 desaturase (EgD5; SEQ ID NO:2; which is described in U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/801,172 (filed May 17, 2006; AttorneyDocket No. CL-3486)) and the hybridization of the probe to the cDNAlibrary eug1c in order to identify delta-5 desaturase homologs fromEuglena anabaena UTEX 373.

Generation Of Construct pDMW367, Comprising EgD5:

Based on the cDNA sequence of the Euglena gracilis delta-5 desaturase(EgD5; SEQ ID NO:2) oligonucleotides YL794 and YL797 (SEQ ID NOs:3 and4, respectively) were used as primers to amplify the first portion ofEgD5 (FIG. 2A). Primer YL794 contained a NcoI site and primer YL797contained a HindIII site. Then, primers YL796 and YL795 (SEQ ID NOs:5and 6, respectively) were used as primers to amplify the second portionof EgD5. Primer YL796 contained a HindIII site, while primer YL797contained a NotI site. The PCR reactions, using primer pairs YL794/YL797or YL796/YL795, with Euglena gracilis cDNA (the generation of which isdescribed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/801,172 (filed May 17,2006; Attorney Docket No. CL-3486)) as template, were individuallycarried out in a 50 μL total volume comprising: PCR buffer (containing10 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.75), 2 mM MgSO₄, 0.1%Triton X-100), 100 μg/mL BSA (final concentration), 200 μM eachdeoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, 10 μmole of each primer and 1 μl ofPfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene, San Diego, Calif.). The thermocyclerconditions were set for 35 cycles at 95° C. for 1 min, 56° C. for 30 secand 72° C. for 1 min, followed by a final extension at 7° C. for 10 min.The individual PCR products were purified using a Qiagen PCRpurification kit. The PCR product from the reaction amplified withprimers YL794/797 was digested with NcoI and HindIII, while the PCRproduct from the reaction amplified with primers YL796/YL795 wasdigested with HindIII and NotI. The NcoI/HindIII and the HindIII/NotIdigested DNA fragments were purified following gel electrophoresis in 1%(w/v) agarose, and then directionally ligated with NcoI/NotI digestedpZUF17 (FIG. 2B; SEQ ID NO:7; comprising a synthetic delta-17 desaturasegene [“D17st”] derived from S. diclina (U.S. Publication No.2003/0196217 A1), codon-optimized for Yarrowia lipolytica (PCTPublication No. WO 2004/101757)). The product of this ligation waspDMW367 (FIG. 2C; SEQ ID NO:8), which thereby contained the followingcomponents:

TABLE 4 Components of Plasmid pDMW367 (SEQ ID NO: 8) RE Sites andNucleotides Within Description SEQ ID NO: 8 Of Fragment And ChimericGene Components EcoRI/BsiWI FBAIN::EgD5::Pex20, comprising: (7416-1617)FBAIN: Yarrowia lipolytica FBAIN promoter (WO 2005/049805) EgD5: Euglenagracilis delta-5 desaturase (SEQ ID NO: 2 described herein) Pex20: Pex20terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No.AF054613) 2707-1827 ColE1 plasmid origin of replication 3637-2777ampicillin-resistance gene (Amp^(R)) for selection in E. coli 4536-5840Yarrowia autonomous replication sequence (ARS18; GenBank Accession No.A17608) 7373-5886 Yarrowia Ura 3 gene (GenBank Accession No. AJ306421)The term “FBAIN promoter” or “FBAIN promoter region” refers to the 5′upstream untranslated region in front of the ‘ATG’ translationinitiation codon of the Yarrowia lipolytica fructose-bisphosphatealdolase enzyme (E.C. 4.1.2.13) encoded by the fba1 gene and that isnecessary for expression, plus a portion of 5′ coding region that has anintron of the fba1 gene.

Colony Lifts:

Approximately 17,000 clones of cDNA library eug1c were plated onto threelarge square (24 cm×24 cm) petri plates (Corning, Corning, N.Y.) eachcontaining LB+50 μg/mL kanamycin agar media. Cells were grown overnightat 37° C. and plates were then cooled to room temperature.

Biodyne B 0.45 μm membrane (Cat. No. 60207, Pall Corporation, Pensacola,Fla.) was trimmed to approximately 22 cm×22 cm and the membrane wascarefully layed on top of the agar to avoid air bubbles. Afterincubation for 2 min at room temperature, the membrane was marked fororientation, lifted off with tweezers and placed colony-side up onfilter paper soaked with 0.5 M sodium hydroxide and 1.5 M sodiumchloride. After denaturation for 4 min, the sodium hydroxide wasneutralized by placing the membrane on filter paper soaked with 0.5 MTris-HCL (pH 7.5) and 1.5 M sodium chloride for 4 min. This step wasrepeated and the membrane was rinsed briefly in 2×SSC buffer (20×SSC is3M sodium chloride, 0.3 M sodium citrate; pH 7.0) and air dried onfilter paper.

Hybridization:

Membranes were pre-hybridized at 65° C. in 200 mL hybridization solutionfor 2 h. Hybridization solution contained 6×SSPE (20×SSPE is 3 M sodiumchloride, 0.2 M sodium phosphate, 20 mM EDTA; pH 7.4), 5×Denhardt'sreagent (100×Denhardt's reagent is 2% (w/v) Ficoll, 2% (w/v)polyvinylpyrrolidone, 2% (w/v) acetylated bovine serum albumin), 0.5%sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 100 μg/mL sheared salmon sperm DNA and 5%dextran sulfate.

A DNA probe was made using an agarose gel purified NcoI/NotI DNAfragment, containing the Euglena gracilis delta-5 desaturase gene, frompDMW367 (SEQ ID NO:8) labeled with P³² dCTP using the RadPrime DNALabeling System (Cat. No. 18428-011, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.)following the manufacture's instructions. Unincorporated P³² dCTP wasseparated using a NICK column (Cat. No. 17-0855-02, AmershamBiosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) following the manufacturer'sinstructions. The probe was denatured for 5 min at 100° C., placed onice for 3 min and half was added to the hybridization solution.

The membrane was hybridized with the probe overnight at 65° C. withgentle shaking and then washed the following day twice with 2×SSCcontaining 0.5% SDS (5 min each) and twice with 0.2×SSC containing 0.1%SDS (15 min each). After washing, hyperfilm (Cat. No. RPN30K, AmershamBiosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) was exposed to the membrane overnight at−80° C.

Based on alignment of plates with the exposed hyperfilm, positivecolonies were picked using the blunt end of a Pasteur pipette into 1 mLof water and vortexed. Several dilutions were made and plated onto smallround Petri dishes (82 mm) containing LB media plus 50 μg/mL kanamycinto obtain around 100 well isolated colonies on a single plate. Liftswere done as described above except NytranN membrane circles (Cat, No.10416116, Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, N.H.) were used and hybridizationwas carried out in 100 mL using the remaining radiolabeled probe. Inthis way, positive clones were confirmed.

Individual positive clones were grown at 37° C. in LB+50 μg/mL kanamycinliquid media and plasmid was purified using the QIAprep® Spin MiniprepKit (Qiagen Inc.) following the manufacturer's protocol.

DNA inserts were end-sequenced in 384-well plates, using vector-primedM13F universal primer (SEQ ID NO:9), M13rev-28 primer (SEQ ID NO:10) andthe poly(A) tail-primed WobbleT oligonucleotides, with the ABI BigDyeversion 3 Prism sequencing kit. For the sequencing reaction, 100-200 ngof template and 6.4 μmol of primer were used, and the following reactionconditions were repeated 25 times: 96° C. for 10 sec, 50° C. for 5 secand 60° C. for 4 min. After ethanol-based cleanup, cycle sequencingreaction products were resolved and detected on Perkin-Elmer ABI 3700automated sequencers. The WobbleT primer is an equimolar mix of 21merpoly(T)A, poly(T)C, and poly(T)G, used to sequence the 3′ end of cDNAclones.

Sequences were aligned and compared using Sequencher™ (Version 4.2, GeneCodes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich.) and in this way, it was determinedthat all all of the CDS in each cDNA were identical. A representativeclone containing a cDNA (pLF119) is shown in SEQ ID NO:11 and the genecontained within the cDNA was called EaD5Des1. The coding sequence forEaD5Des1 is shown in SEQ ID NO:12. The corresponding amino acid sequencefor EaD5Des1 is shown in SEQ ID NO:13.

Example 3 Primary Sequence Analysis of the Delta-5 Desaturase Sequenceof Euglena anabaena UTEX 373 (EaD5Des1) and Comparison to the Delta-5Desaturase Sequence of Euglena gracilis (EgD5)

The amino acid sequence for EaD5Des1 (SEQ ID NO:13) was evaluated byBLASTP (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul et al., J. Mol.Biol. 215:403-410 (1993)) searches for similarity to sequences containedin the BLAST “nr” database (comprising all non-redundant GenBank CDStranslations, sequences derived from the 3-dimensional structureBrookhaven Protein Data Bank, the last major release of the SWISS-PROTprotein sequence database, EMBL and DDBJ databases) using defaultparameters with the filter turned off. For convenience, the P-value(probability) of observing a match of a cDNA sequence to a sequencecontained in the searched databases merely by chance as calculated byBLAST are reported herein as “pLog” values, which represent the negativeof the logarithm of the reported P-value. Accordingly, the greater thepLog value, the greater the likelihood that the cDNA sequence and theBLAST “hit” represent homologous proteins.

BLASTP analysis with EaD5Des1 yielded a pLog value of 76.52 (P value of3e-77) versus the Thalassiosira pseudonana delta-8 fatty acid desaturase(TpsD8; SEQ ID NO:14) (NCBI Accession No. AAX14502(GI 60172920), locusAAX14502, CDS AY817152; Tonon et al., FEBS J. 272:3401-3412 (2005)) whencompared to the “nr” database. Although identified as a delta-8 fattyacid desaturase in the NCBI database, AY817152 was identified as adelta-5 desaturase in Tonon et al. and the NCBI designation as a delta-8fatty acid desaturase is likely an error. BLASTP analysis with EaD5Des1also yielded a pLog value of 75.70 (P value of 2e-76) versus thePhaeodactylum tricornutum delta-5 fatty acid desaturase (SEQ ID NO:15)(NCBI Accession No. AAL92562(GI 19879687), locus AAL92562, CDS AY082392;Domergue et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 269:4105-4113 (2002)) when compared tothe “nr” database.

The amino acid sequence for EaD5Des1 (SEQ ID NO:13) was compared to theThalassiosira pseudonana delta-8 fatty acid desaturase (SEQ ID NO:14)and the Euglena gracilis delta-5 desaturase amino acid sequence (EgD5;SEQ ID NO:16; which is described in U.S. Provisional Application No.60/801,172 (filed May 17, 2006; Attorney Docket No. CL-3486)) usingBlastP, Clustal V and the Jotun Hein methods of sequence comparison. The% identity against the TpsD8 and EgD5 using each method is shown inTable 5 and Table 6, respectively.

Sequence percent identity calculations performed by the BlastP methodare as described above. Sequence percent identity calculations wereperformed by the Clustal V method (Higgins, D. G. and Sharp, P. M.,Comput. Appl. Biosci. 5:151-153 (1989); Higgins et al., Comput. Appl.Biosci. 8:189-191 (1992)) using the MegAlign™ v6.1 program of theLASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.)with the default parameters for pairwise alignment (KTUPLE=1, GAPPENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5 and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10).

Sequence percent identity calculations performed by the Jotun Heinmethod (Hein, J. J., Meth. Enz. 183:626-645 (1990)) were done using theMegAlign™ v6.1 program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite(DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.) with the default parameters for pairwisealignment (KTUPLE=2).

TABLE 5 Sequence Comparison of EaD5Des1 (SEQ ID NO: 13) to TpsD8 (SEQ IDNO: 14) % Identity to % Identity to % Identity to TpsD8 by TpsD8 by theTpsD8 by the Desaturase BLASTP Jotun Hein Method Clustal V MethodEaD5Des1 37% 40.8% 30.8% (SEQ ID NO: 13)

TABLE 6 Sequence Comparison of EaD5Des1 (SEQ ID NO: 13) to EgD5 (SEQ IDNO: 16) % Identity to % Identity to EgD5 % Identity to EgD5 by by theEgD5 by the Desaturase BLASTP Jotun Hein Method Clustal V MethodEaD5Des1 73% 72.4% 77.1% (SEQ ID NO: 13)

Example 4 Functional Analysis of the Euglena gracilis UTEX 373 Delta-5Desaturase (EaD5Des1) in Yarrowia lipolytica

The present Example describes functional analysis of EaD5Des1 (SEQ IDNO:13) in Yarrowia lipolytica. This work included the following steps:(1) Construction of Gateway®-compatible Yarrowia expression vectorpY159; (2) transfer of EaD5Des1 (SEQ ID NO:12) into pY159 to producepY169; and, (3) comparison of lipid profiles within transformantorganisms comprising pY169.

Construction of Gateway®-Compatible Yarrowia Expression Vector pY159

Plasmid pY5-30 (which was previously described in PCT Publication No. WO2005/003310 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference)), is a shuttle plasmid that can replicate both in E. coli andYarrowia lipolytica. Plasmid pY5-30 contains the following: a Yarrowiaautonomous replication sequence (ARS18); a ColE1 plasmid origin ofreplication; an ampicillin-resistance gene (AmpR), for selection in E.coli; a Yarrowia LEU2 gene, for selection in Yarrowia; and a chimericTEF::GUS::XPR gene. Plasmid pDMW263 (SEQ ID NO:17) was created frompY5-30, by replacing the TEF promoter with the Yarrowia lipolyticaFBAINm promoter (PCT Publication No. WO 2005/049805) using techniqueswell known to one skilled in the art. Briefly, this promoter refers to amodified promoter which is located in the 5′ upstream untranslatedregion in front of the ‘ATG’ translation initiation codon of thefructose-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme (E.C. 4.1.2.13) encoded by thefba1 gene and that is necessary for expression, plus a portion of 5′coding region that has an intron, wherein FBAINm has a 52 by deletionbetween the ATG translation initiation codon and the intron of the FBAINpromoter (thereby including only 22 amino acids of the N-terminus) and anew translation consensus motif after the intron. Table 7 summarizes thecomponents of pDMW263 (SEQ ID NO:17).

TABLE 7 Components of Plasmid pDMW263 (SEQ ID NO: 17) RE Sites andNucleotides Within Description of Fragment and SEQ ID NO: 17 ChimericGene Components 4992-4296 ARS18 sequence (GenBank Accession No. A17608)SalI/SacII FBAINm::GUS::XPR, comprising: (8505-2014) FBAINm: FBAINmpromoter (WO2005/049805) GUS: E. coli gene encoding β-glucuronidase(Jefferson, R. A. Nature. 14: 342: 837-838 (1989) XPR: ~100 bp of the 3′region of the Yarrowia Xpr gene (GenBank Accession No. M17741) 6303-8505Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF260230)

The NcoI/SalI DNA fragment from pDMW263 (SEQ ID NO:17), containing theYarrowia lipolytica FBAINm promoter, was cloned into the NcoI/SalI DNAfragment of pDMW237 (SEQ ID NO:18), previously described in PCTPublication No. WO 2006/012325 (the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference), containing a synthetic delta-9 elongase genederived from Isochrysis galbana and codon-optimized for expression inYarrowia lipolytica (IgD9eS), to produce pY115 (SEQ ID NO:19; FIG. 3).In FIG. 3, the modified FBAINm promoter is called FBA1+Intron. It isalso FBA1+Intron in other figures, as well as YAR FBA1 PRO+Intron andthese terms are used interchangeably with FBAINm.

The FBAINm promoter was amplified from plasmid pY115 (SEQ ID NO:19),using PCR with oligonucleotide primers oYFBA1 (SEQ ID NO:20) andoYFBA1-6 (SEQ ID NO:21). Primer oYFBA1 (SEQ ID NO:20) was designed tointroduce an Bg/II site at the 5′ end of the promoter and primeroYFBA1-6 (SEQ ID NO:21) was designed to introduce a NotI site at the 3′end of the promoter while removing the NcoI site and thus, the ATG startcodon. The resulting PCR fragment was digested with Bg/II and NotI andcloned into the Bg/II/NotI fragment of pY115, containing the vectorbackbone, to form pY158 (SEQ ID NO:22).

Plasmid pY158 (SEQ ID NO:22) was digested with NotI and the resultingDNA ends were filled. After filling to form blunt ends, the DNAfragments were treated with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase andseparated using agarose gel electrophoresis. The 6992 by fragmentcontaining the Yarrowia lipolytica FBAINm promoter was excised from theagarose gel and purified using the QIAquick® Gel Extraction Kit (QiagenInc., Valencia, Calif.) following the manufacturer's protocol. Thepurified 6992 by fragment was ligated with cassette rfA using theGateway Vector Conversion System (Cat. No. 11823-029, InvitrogenCorporation) following the manufacturer's protocol to form Yarrowialipolytica Gateway® destination vector pY159 (SEQ ID NO:23; FIG. 4).

Construction of Yarrowia Expression Vectors pY169

Using the Gateway® LR Clonase™ II enzyme mix (Cat. No. 11791-020,Invitrogen Corporation) and following the manufacturer's protocol, thecDNA insert from pLF119 (SEQ ID NO:11) was transferred to pY159 (SEQ IDNO:23) to form pY169 (SEQ ID NO:24, FIG. 5). In FIG. 5, EaD5Des1 isidentified as EaD5-1 but they are identical.

Functional Analysis of EaD5Des1 in Yarrowia lipolytica

Strain Y2224 was isolated in the following manner: Yarrowia lipolyticaATCC #20362 cells from a YPD agar plate (1% yeast extract, 2%bactopeptone, 2% glucose, 2% agar) were streaked onto a MM plate (75mg/L each of uracil and uridine, 6.7 g/L YNB with ammonia sulfate,without amino acid, and 20 g/L glucose) containing 250 mg/L 5-FOA (ZymoResearch). Plates were incubated at 28° C. and four of the resultingcolonies were patched separately onto MM plates containing 200 mg/mL5-FOA and MM plates lacking uracil and uridine to confirm uracil Ura3auxotrophy.

Strain Y2224 was transformed with pY169 (SEQ ID NO:24, FIG. 5) asdescribed in the General Methods.

Single colonies of transformant Yarrowia lipolytica containing pY169were grown in 3 mL minimal media lacking uracil supplemented with 0.2%tergitol at 30° C. for 1 day. After this, 0.1 mL was transferred to 3 mLof the same medium supplemented with either ALA, EDA, ERA, DGLA, ETA,EPA, DPA or no fatty acid. These were incubated for 16 h at 30° C., 250rpm and then pellets were obtained by centrifugation. Cells were washedonce with water, pelleted by centrifugation and air dried. Pellets weretransesterified (Roughan, G. and Nishida, I., Arch. Biochem. Biophys.276(1):38-46 (1990)) with 500 μL of 1% sodium methoxide for 30 min. at50° C. after which 500 μL of 1M sodium chloride and 100 μL of heptanewere added. After thorough mixing and centrifugation, fatty acid methylesters (FAMEs) were analyzed by GC. FAMEs (5 μL injected from hexanelayer) were separated and quantified using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GasChromatograph fitted with an Omegawax 320 fused silica capillary column(Cat. No. 24152, Supelco Inc.). The oven temperature was programmed tohold at 220° C. for 2.6 min, increase to 240° C. at 20° C./min and thenhold for an additional 2.4 min. Carrier gas was supplied by a Whatmanhydrogen generator. In the case of DPA feeding, GC analysis was carriedout in a similar way except that the oven temperature was programmed tohold at 170° C. for 1.0 min, increase to 240° C. at 5° C./min and thenhold for an additional 1.0 min. Retention times were compared to thosefor methyl esters of standards commercially available (Nu-Chek Prep,Inc.).

The fatty acid profiles for Yarrowia lipolytica expressing pY169 and fedvarious substrates are shown in FIG. 6. Substrates (either LA—when nofatty acid fed, ALA, EDA, ERA, DGLA, ETA or DPA) were fed to assessdelta-4 (DPA to DHA), delta-5 (DGLA to ARA, DTA to EPA, EDA to SCI, ERAto JUP), delta-6 (LA to GLA, ALA to STA), delta-8 (EDA to DGLA, ERA toETA) or omega-3 (LA to ALA, EDA to ERA, DGLA to ETA) desaturaseactivities. Percent desaturation (% desat) was calculated by dividingthe wt. % for substrate (either LA—when no fatty acid fed, ALA, EDA,ERA, DGLA, ETA or DPA) by the sum of the wt. % for the substrate (eitherLA—when no fatty acid fed, ALA, EDA, ERA, DGLA, ETA or DPA) and product(either GLA, STA, DGLA, ETA, ARA, EPA or DHA, respectively) andmultiplying by 100 to express as a %, depending on which substrate wasfed. In FIG. 6. shading indicates the substrates fed and productsproduced. Averages are indicated by Ave. followed by appropriate header.From the results in FIG. 6, it is clear that EaD5Des1 functions as adelta-5 desaturase with preference for DGLA and ETA over EDA and ERA.The ratio of desaturation of omega-6 substrate to omega-3 substrate(Ratio n-6/n-3) is calculated by dividing the Ave. % desat for eitherDGLA by ETA or EDA by ERA. In both cases, EaD5Des1 prefers n-6substrates over n-3 substrates. The ratio of desaturation of thepreferred substrate to that of the non-preferred substrate (RatioProd/By-Prod) is calculated by dividing the Ave. % desat for either DGLAby EDA or ETA by ERA. In both cases, EaD5Des1 has an approximately3.5-fold preference for DGLA or ETA over EDA or ERA, respectively.

Example 5 Construction of Soybean Expression Vector pKR1153 forCo-Expression of the Euglena anabaena UTEX 373 Delta-5 Desaturase(EaD5Des1) with a Delta-9 Elongase Derived From Euglena gracilis (EqD9e)and a Delta-8 Desaturase Derived from Euglena gracilis (EgD8)

The present Example describes construction of a soybean vector forco-expression of EaD5Des1 with EgD9e (SEQ ID NO:25; which is describedin U.S. application Ser. No. 11/601,563 (filed Nov. 16, 2006, whichpublished May 24, 2007; Attorney Docket No. BB-1562) and EgD8 (SEQ IDNO:26; described as Eg5 in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/012325)

Euglena gracilis Delta-9 Elongase (EgD9e):

A clone from the Euglena cDNA library (eeg1c), called eeg1c.pk001.n5f,containing the Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase (EgD9e; SEQ ID NO:25;which is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/601,563 (filed Nov.16, 2006, which published May 24, 2007; Attorney Docket No. BB-1562) thecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference) was used astemplate to amplify EgD9e with oligonucleotide primers oEugEL1-1 (SEQ IDNO:27) and oEugEL1-2 (SEQ ID NO:28) using the VentR® DNA Polymerase(Cat. No. M0254S, New England Biolabs Inc., Beverly, Mass.) followingthe manufacturer's protocol. The resulting DNA fragment was cloned intothe pCR-Blunt® cloning vector using the Zero Blunt® PCR Cloning Kit(Invitrogen Corporation), following the manufacturer's protocol, toproduce pKR906 (SEQ ID NO:29).

A starting plasmid pKR72 (ATCC Accession No. PTA-6019; SEQ ID NO:30,7085 by sequence), a derivative of pKS123 which was previously describedin PCT Publication No. WO 02/008269 (the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference), contains the hygromycin B phosphotransferasegene (HPT) (Gritz, L. and Davies, J., Gene 25:179-188 (1983)), flankedby the T7 promoter and transcription terminator (T7prom/HPT/T7termcassette), and a bacterial origin of replication (ori) for selection andreplication in bacteria (e.g., E. coli). In addition, pKR72 alsocontains HPT, flanked by the 35S promoter (Odell et al., Nature313:810-812 (1985)) and NOS 3′ transcription terminator (Depicker etal., J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:561-570 (1982)) (35S/HPT/NOS3′ cassette) forselection in plants such as soybean. pKR72 also contains a NotIrestriction site, flanked by the promoter for the α′ subunit ofβ-conglycinin (Beachy et al., EMBO J. 4:3047-3053 (1985)) and the 3′transcription termination region of the phaseolin gene (Doyle et al., J.Biol. Chem. 261:9228-9238 (1986)), thus allowing for strongtissue-specific expression in the seeds of soybean of genes cloned intothe NotI site.

The Ascl fragment from plasmid pKS102 (SEQ ID NO:31), previouslydescribed in PCT Publication No. WO 02/00905 (the contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference), containing the T7prom/hpt/T7termcassette and bacterial on, was combined with the Ascl fragment ofplasmid pKR72 (SEQ ID NO:30), containing the βcon/NotI/Phas cassette toproduce pKR197 (SEQ ID NO:32), previously described in PCT PublicationNo. WO 04/071467 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference).

The gene for the Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase was released frompKR906 (SEQ ID NO:29) by digestion with NotI and cloned into the NotIsite of pKR197 to produce intermediate cloning vector pKR911 (SEQ IDNO:33).

Euglena gracilis Delta-8 Desaturase (EQD8):

Plasmid pKR680 (SEQ ID NO:34), which was previously described in PCTPublication No. WO 2006/012325 (the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference), contains the Euglena gracilis delta-8desaturase (EgD8; SEQ ID NO:26; described as Eg5 in WO 2006/012325)flanked by the Kunitz soybean Trypsin Inhibitor (KTi) promoter (Jofukuet al., Plant Cell 1:1079-1093 (1989)) and the KTi 3′ terminationregion, the isolation of which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,965,followed by the soy albumin transcription terminator, which waspreviously described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467(Kti/NotI/Kti3′Salb3′ cassette).

Plasmid pKR680 (SEQ ID NO:34) was digested with Bs/WI and the fragmentcontaining EgD8 was cloned into the Bs/WI site of pKR911 (SEQ ID NO:33)to produce pKR913 (SEQ ID NO:35).

Euglena anabaena UTEX 373 delta-5 desaturase (EaD5Des1):

In order to introduce NotI sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the codingsequence, EaD5Des1 was PCR amplified from pLF119 (SEQ ID NO:11) witholigonucleotide primers oEAd5-1-1 (SEQ ID NO:36) and oEAd5-1-2 (SEQ IDNO:37) using the Phusion™ High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Cat. No. F553S,Finnzymes Oy, Finland) following the manufacturer's protocol. Theresulting DNA fragment was cloned into the pCR-Blunt® cloning vectorusing the Zero Blunt® PCR Cloning Kit (Invitrogen Corporation),following the manufacturer's protocol, to produce pKR1136 (SEQ IDNO:38).

Plasmid pKR767 (SEQ ID NO:39), which was previously described in PCTPublication No. WO 2006/012325 (the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference), contains the Mortierella alpina delta-5desaturase (MaD5; SEQ ID NO:40, which is described in U.S. Pat. No.6,075,183 and PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/071467 and WO 2005/047479)flanked by the promoter for the soybean glycinin Gy1 gene and the pealeguminA2 3′ transcription termination region (Gy1/MaD5/legA2 cassette;the construction of which is described in WO 2006/012325). PlasmidpKR974 (SEQ ID NO:41) is identical to pKR767 (SEQ ID NO:40) except theNotI fragment containing MaD5 has been replaced with a NotI fragmentcontaining the Saprolegnia diclina delta-5 desaturase (SaD5; SEQ IDNO:42, which is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467. Inaddition, an Mfel site in the legA2 terminator of pKR974 (SEQ ID NO:41)was removed by digestion with Mfel, filling the Mfel site and religating(i.e., CAATTG converted to CAATTAATTG) and therefore, the legA2terminator of pKR974 (SEQ ID NO:41) is 770 by versus 766 by for pKR767(SEQ ID NO:40).

The gene for the Euglena anabaena delta-5 desaturase was released frompKR1136 (SEQ ID NO:38) by digestion with NotI and cloned into the NotIsite of pKR974 (SEQ ID NO:41) to produce pKR1139 (SEQ ID NO:43).

Plasmid pKR1139 (SEQ ID NO:43) was digested with Sbfl and the fragmentcontaining the Euglena anabaena delta-5 desaturase was cloned into theSbfl site of pKR913 (SEQ ID NO:35) to produce pKR1153 (SEQ ID NO:44,FIG. 7). In this way, the Euglena anabaena delta-5 desaturase (EaD5Des1)could be co-expressed with the Euglena gracilis delta-8 desaturase(EgD8) and the Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase (EgD9e) behind strong,seed-specific promoters. In FIG. 7, EaD5Des1, EgD8 and EgD9e arereferred to as EA d5 DS, eug d8-sq5 and eug el1, respectively.

Example 6 Production and Model System Transformation of Somatic SoybeanEmbryo Cultures with Soybean Expression Vectors and Plant RegenerationCulture Conditions

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures (cv. Jack) are maintained in 35mL liquid medium SB196 (infra) on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, 26° C. withcool white fluorescent lights on 16:8 hr day/night photoperiod at lightintensity of 60-85 μE/m2/s. Cultures are subcultured every 7 days to twoweeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of freshliquid SB196 (the preferred subculture interval is every 7 days).

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures are transformed with the soybeanexpression plasmids by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein etal., Nature 327:70 (1987)) using a DuPont Biolistic PDS1000/HEinstrument (helium retrofit) for all transformations.

Soybean Embryogenic Suspension Culture Initiation:

Soybean cultures are initiated twice each month with 5-7 days betweeneach initiation. Pods with immature seeds from available soybean plantsare picked 45-55 days after planting. Seeds are removed from the podsand placed into a sterilized magenta box. The soybean seeds aresterilized by shaking them for 15 min in a 5% Clorox solution with 1drop of Ivory soap (i.e., 95 mL of autoclaved distilled water plus 5 mLClorox and 1 drop of soap, mixed well). Seeds are rinsed using 2 1-literbottles of sterile distilled water and those less than 4 mm are placedon individual microscope slides. The small end of the seed is cut andthe cotyledons pressed out of the seed coat. When cultures are beingprepared for production transformation, cotyledons are transferred toplates containing SB1 medium (25-30 cotyledons per plate). Plates arewrapped with fiber tape and are maintained at 26° C. with cool whitefluorescent lights on 16:8 h day/night photoperiod at light intensity of60-80 μE/m2/s for eight weeks, with a media change after 4 weeks. Whencultures are being prepared for model system experiments, cotyledons aretransferred to plates containing SB199 medium (25-30 cotyledons perplate) for 2 weeks, and then transferred to SB1 for 2-4 weeks. Light andtemperature conditions are the same as described above. After incubationon SB1 medium, secondary embryos are cut and placed into SB196 liquidmedia for 7 days.

Preparation of DNA for Bombardment:

Either an intact plasmid or a DNA plasmid fragment containing the genesof interest and the selectable marker gene are used for bombardment.Fragments from soybean expression plasmids are obtained by gel isolationof digested plasmids. In each case, 100 μg of plasmid DNA is used in 0.5mL of the specific enzyme mix described below. Plasmids are digestedwith Ascl (100 units) in NEBuffer 4 (20 mM Tris-acetate, 10 mM magnesiumacetate, 50 mM potassium acetate, 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 7.9), 100μg/mL BSA, and 5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol at 37° C. for 1.5 hr. Theresulting DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis on 1%SeaPlaque GTG agarose (BioWhitaker Molecular Applications) and the DNAfragments containing gene cassettes are cut from the agarose gel. DNA ispurified from the agarose using the GELase digesting enzyme followingthe manufacturer's protocol.

A 50 μL aliquot of sterile distilled water containing 3 mg of goldparticles (3 mg gold) is added to 30 μL of a 10 ng/μL DNA solution(either intact plasmid or DNA fragment prepared as described herein), 25μL 5M CaCl₂ and 20 μL of 0.1 M spermidine. The mixture is shaken 3 minon level 3 of a vortex shaker and spun for 10 sec in a bench microfuge.The supernatant is removed, followed by a wash with 400 μL 100% ethanoland another brief centrifugation. The 400 μl ethanol is removed and thepellet is resuspended in 40 μL of 100% ethanol. Five μL of DNAsuspension is dispensed to each flying disk of the Biolistic PDS1000/HEinstrument disk. Each 5 μL aliquot contains approximately 0.375 mg goldper bombardment (e.g., per disk).

For model system transformations, the protocol is identical except for afew minor changes (ie, 1 mg of gold particles is added to 5 μL of a 1μg/μL DNA solution, 50 μL of a 2.5M CaCl₂ is used and the pellet isultimately resuspended in 85 μL of 100% ethanol thus providing 0.058 mgof gold particles per bombardment).

Tissue Preparation and Bombardment with DNA:

Approximately 150-200 mg of seven day old embryogenic suspensioncultures is placed in an empty, sterile 60×15 mm petri dish and the dishis covered with plastic mesh. The chamber is evacuated to a vacuum of27-28 inches of mercury, and tissue is bombarded one or two shots perplate with membrane rupture pressure set at 1100 PSI. Tissue is placedapproximately 3.5 inches from the retaining/stopping screen. Modelsystem transformation conditions are identical except 100-150 mg ofembryogenic tissue is used, rupture pressure is set at 650 PSI andtissue is place approximately 2.5 inches from the retaining screen.

Selection of Transformed Embryos:

Transformed embryos are selected either using hygromycin (when thehygromycin B phosphotransferase (HPT) gene is used as the selectablemarker) or chlorsulfuron (when the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene isused as the selectable marker).

Following bombardment, the tissue is placed into fresh SB196 media andcultured as described above. Six to eight days post-bombardment, theSB196 is exchanged with fresh SB196 containing either 30 mg/L hygromycinor 100 ng/mL chlorsulfuron, depending on the selectable marker used. Theselection media is refreshed weekly. Four to six weeks post-selection,green, transformed tissue is observed growing from untransformed,necrotic embryogenic clusters.

Embryo Maturation:

For production transformations, isolated, green tissue is removed andinoculated into multiwell plates to generate new, clonally propagated,transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Transformed embryogenicclusters are cultured for four-six weeks in multiwell plates at 26° C.in SB196 under cool white fluorescent (Phillips cool white EconowattF40/CW/RS/EW) and Agro (Phillips F40 Agro) bulbs (40 watt) on a 16:8 hrphotoperiod with light intensity of 90-120 μE/m²s. After this timeembryo clusters are removed to a solid agar media, SB166, for one-twoweeks and then subcultured to SB103 medium for 3-4 weeks to matureembryos. After maturation on plates in SB103, individual embryos areremoved from the clusters, dried and screened for alterations in theirfatty acid compositions as described in Example 7.

For model system transformations, embryos are matured in soybeanhistodifferentiation and maturation liquid medium (SHaM liquid media;Schmidt et al., Cell Biology and Morphogenesis 24:393 (2005)) using amodified procedure. Briefly, after 4 weeks of selection in SB196 asdescribed above, embryo clusters are removed to 35 mL of SB228 (SHaMliquid media) in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Tissue is maintained in SHaMliquid media on a rotary shaker at 130 rpm and 26° C. with cool whitefluorescent lights on a 16:8 hr day/night photoperiod at a lightintensity of 60-85 μE/m2/s for 2 weeks as embryos mature. Embryos grownfor 2 weeks in SHaM liquid media are equivalent in size and fatty acidcontent to embryos cultured on SB166/SB103 for 5-8 weeks.

After maturation in SHaM liquid media, individual embryos are removedfrom the clusters, dried and screened for alterations in their fattyacid compositions as described in Example 7.

Media Recipes:

SB 196-FN Lite Liquid Proliferation Medium (per liter) MS FeEDTA - 100xStock 1 10 mL MS Sulfate - 100x Stock 2 10 mL FN Lite Halides - 100xStock 3 10 mL FN Lite P, B, Mo - 100x Stock 4 10 mL B5 vitamins (1 mL/L)1.0 mL 2,4-D (10 mg/L final concentration) 1.0 mL KNO₃ 2.83 gm (NH₄)₂SO₄0.463 gm asparagine 1.0 gm sucrose (1%) 10 gm pH 5.8

FN Lite Stock Solutions Stock Number 1000 mL 500 mL 1 MS Fe EDTA 100xStock Na₂ EDTA* 3.724 g  1.862 g  FeSO₄—7H₂O 2.784 g  1.392 g  2 MSSulfate 100x stock MgSO₄—7H₂O 37.0 g 18.5 g MnSO₄—H₂O 1.69 g 0.845 g ZnSO₄—7H₂O 0.86 g 0.43 g CuSO₄—5H₂O 0.0025 g  0.00125 g   3 FN LiteHalides 100x Stock CaCl₂—2H₂O 30.0 g 15.0 g KI 0.083 g  0.0715 g CoCl₂—6H₂O 0.0025 g  0.00125 g   4 FN Lite P, B, Mo 100x Stock KH₂PO₄18.5 g 9.25 g H₃BO₃ 0.62 g 0.31 g Na₂MoO₄—2H₂O 0.025 g  0.0125 g  *Addfirst, dissolve in dark bottle while stirring

SB1 Solid Medium (Per Liter)

-   -   1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL—Cat. No. 11117-066)    -   1 mL B5 vitamins 1000× stock    -   31.5 g glucose    -   2 mL 2,4-D (20 mg/L final concentration)    -   pH 5.7    -   8 g TC agar

SB199 Solid Medium (Per Liter)

-   -   1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL—Cat. No. 11117-066)    -   1 mL B5 vitamins 1000× stock    -   30 g Sucrose    -   4 ml 2,4-D (40 mg/L final concentration)    -   pH 7.0    -   2 gm Gelrite

SB 166 Solid Medium (Per Liter)

-   -   1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL—Cat. No. 11117-066)    -   1 mL B5 vitamins 1000× stock    -   60 g maltose    -   750 mg MgCl₂ hexahydrate    -   5 g activated charcoal    -   pH 5.7    -   2 g gelrite

SB 103 Solid Medium (Per Liter)

-   -   1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL—Cat. No. 11117-066)    -   1 mL B5 vitamins 1000× stock    -   60 g maltose    -   750 mg MgCl2 hexahydrate    -   pH 5.7    -   2 g gelrite

SB 71-4 Solid Medium (Per Liter)

-   -   1 bottle Gamborg's B5 salts w/sucrose (Gibco/BRL—Cat. No.        21153-036)    -   pH 5.7    -   5 g TC agar

2,4-D Stock

Obtain premade from Phytotech Cat. No. D 295—concentration 1 mg/mL

B5 Vitamins Stock (Per 100 mL)

Store aliquots at −20° C.

-   -   10 g myo-inositol    -   100 mg nicotinic acid    -   100 mg pyridoxine HCl    -   1 g thiamine        If the solution does not dissolve quickly enough, apply a low        level of heat via the hot stir plate.

SB 228-Soybean Histodifferentiation & Maturation (SHaM) (per liter) DDIH₂O 600 mL FN-Lite Macro Salts for SHaM 10X 100 mL MS Micro Salts 1000x1 mL MS FeEDTA 100x 10 mL CaCl 100x 6.82 mL B5 Vitamins 1000x 1 mLL-Methionine 0.149 g Sucrose 30 g Sorbitol 30 g Adjust volume to 900 mLpH 5.8 Autoclave Add to cooled media (≦30° C.): *Glutamine (finalconcentration 30 mM) 4% 110 mL *Note: Final volume will be 1010 mL afterglutamine addition.Since glutamine degrades relatively rapidly, it may be preferable to addimmediately prior to using media. Expiration 2 weeks after glutamine isadded; base media can be kept longer w/o glutamine.

FN-lite Macro for SHAM 10X - Stock #1 (per liter) (NH₄)2SO₄ (ammoniumsulfate) 4.63 g KNO₃ (potassium nitrate) 28.3 g MgSO₄*7H₂0 (magnesiumsulfate heptahydrate)  3.7 g KH₂PO₄ (potassium phosphate, monobasic)1.85 g Bring to volume Autoclave

MS Micro 1000X - Stock #2 (per 1 liter) H₃BO₃ (boric acid)  6.2 gMnSO₄*H₂O (manganese sulfate monohydrate)  16.9 g ZnSO4*7H20 (zincsulfate heptahydrate)  8.6 g Na₂MoO₄*2H20 (sodium molybdate dihydrate) 0.25 g CuSO₄*5H₂0 (copper sulfate pentahydrate) 0.025 g CoCl₂*6H₂0(cobalt chloride hexahydrate) 0.025 g KI (potassium iodide) 0.8300 g Bring to volume Autoclave

FeEDTA 100X - Stock #3 (per liter) Na₂EDTA* (sodium EDTA) 3.73 gFeSO₄*7H₂0 (iron sulfate heptahydrate) 2.78 g *EDTA must be completelydissolved before adding iron. Bring to Volume Solution isphotosensitive. Bottle(s) should be wrapped in foil to omit light.Autoclave

Ca 100X - Stock #4 (per liter) CaCl₂*2H₂0 (calcium chloride dihydrate)44 g Bring to Volume Autoclave

B5 Vitamin 1000X - Stock #5 (per liter) Thiamine * HCl 10 g  NicotinicAcid 1 g Pyridoxine * HCl 1 g Myo-Inositol 100 g  Bring to Volume Storefrozen

4% Glutamine-Stock #6 (per liter) DDI water heated to 30° C. 900 mLL-Glutamine 40 g Gradually add white stirring and applying low heat. Donot exceed 35° C. Bring to Volume Filter Sterilize Store frozen* *Note:Warm thawed stock in 31° C. bath to fully dissolve crystals.Regeneration of Soybean Somatic Embryos into Plants:

In order to obtain whole plants from embryogenic suspension cultures,the tissue must be regenerated. Embyros are matured as described inabove. After subculturing on medium SB103 for 3 weeks, individualembryos can be removed from the clusters and screened for alterations intheir fatty acid compositions as described in Example 7. It should benoted that any detectable phenotype, resulting from the expression ofthe genes of interest, could be screened at this stage. This wouldinclude, but not be limited to, alterations in fatty acid profile,protein profile and content, carbohydrate content, growth rate,viability, or the ability to develop normally into a soybean plant.

Matured individual embryos are desiccated by placing them into an empty,small petri dish (35×10 mm) for approximately 4 to 7 days. The platesare sealed with fiber tape (creating a small humidity chamber).Desiccated embryos are planted into SB71-4 medium where they are left togerminate under the same culture conditions described above. Germinatedplantlets are removed from germination medium and rinsed thoroughly withwater and then are planted in Redi-Earth in 24-cell pack tray, coveredwith clear plastic dome. After 2 weeks the dome is removed and plantshardened off for a further week. If plantlets looked hardy they aretransplanted to 10″ pot of Redi-Earth with up to 3 plantlets per pot.After 10 to 16 weeks, mature seeds are harvested, chipped and analyzedfor fatty acids.

Example 7 Fatty Acid Analysis of Transgenic Somatic Soybean Embryos

Mature somatic soybean embryos are a good model for zygotic embryos.While in the globular embryo state in liquid culture, somatic soybeanembryos contain very low amounts of triacylglycerol or storage proteinstypical of maturing, zygotic soybean embryos. At this developmentalstage, the ratio of total triacylglyceride to total polar lipid(phospholipids and glycolipid) is about 1:4, as is typical of zygoticsoybean embryos at the developmental stage from which the somatic embryoculture was initiated. At the globular stage as well, the mRNAs for theprominent seed proteins, α′-subunit of β-conglycinin, kunitz trypsininhibitor 3, and seed lectin are essentially absent. Upon transfer tohormone-free media to allow differentiation to the maturing somaticembryo state, triacylglycerol becomes the most abundant lipid class. Aswell, mRNAs for a′-subunit of β-conglycinin, kunitz trypsin inhibitor 3and seed lectin become very abundant messages in the total mRNApopulation. On this basis, the somatic soybean embryo system behavesvery similarly to maturing zygotic soybean embryos in vivo, and is thusa good and rapid model system for analyzing the phenotypic effects ofmodifying the expression of genes in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway(see PCT Publication No. WO 2002/00904, Example 3). Most importantly,the model system is also predictive of the fatty acid composition ofseeds from plants derived from transgenic embryos.

A subset of soybean embryos for each event generated from eitherproduction transformation or model system transformation (as describedin Example 6) are harvested in the following way. Embryos (5-10 embryos)from each event are picked into glass GC vials and fatty acid methylesters are prepared by transesterification. For transesterification, 50μL of trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) and 0.5 mL of hexane is addedto the embryos in glass vials and incubated for 30 min at roomtemperature while shaking. Fatty acid methyl esters (5 μL injected fromhexane layer) are separated and quantified using a Hewlett-Packard 6890Gas Chromatograph fitted with an Omegawax 320 fused silica capillarycolumn (Cat. No. 24152, Supelco Inc.). The oven temperature isprogrammed to hold at 220° C. for 2.6 min, increase to 240° C. at 20°C./min and then hold for an additional 2.4 min. Carrier gas is suppliedby a Whatman hydrogen generator. Retention times are compared to thosefor methyl esters of standards commercially available (Nu-Chek Prep,Inc.). Events having good phenotype can be re-analyzed by GC usingidentical conditions except the oven temperature is held at 150° C. for1 min and then increased to 240° C. at 5° C./min.

Example 8 Construction of Alternate Soybean Expression Vectors forExpression of Euglena anabaena UTEX 373 Delta-5 Desaturase (EaD5Des1)

In addition to the genes, promoters, terminators and gene cassettesdescribed herein, one skilled in the art can appreciate that otherpromoter/gene/terminator cassette combinations can be synthesized in away similar to, but not limited to, that described herein for expressionof EaD5Des1. Similarly, it may be desirable to express other PUFA genes(such as those described below in Table 10), for co-expression with thedelta-5 desaturase of the present invention.

For instance, PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/071467 and WO 2004/071178describe the isolation of a number of promoter and transcriptionterminator sequences for use in embryo-specific expression in soybean.Furthermore, PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/071467, WO 2005/047479 and WO2006/012325 describe the synthesis of multiple promoter/gene/terminatorcassette combinations by ligating individual promoters, genes andtranscription terminators together in unique combinations. Generally, aNotI site flanked by the suitable promoter (such as those listed in, butnot limited to, Table 8) and a transcription terminator (such as thoselisted in, but not limited to, Table 9) is used to clone the desiredgene. NotI sites can be added to a gene of interest such as those listedin, but not limited to, Table 7 using PCR amplification witholigonucleotides designed to introduce NotI sites at the 5′ and 3′ endsof the gene. The resulting PCR product is then digested with NotI andcloned into a suitable promoter/NotI/terminator cassette.

In addition, PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/071467, WO 2005/047479 and WO2006/012325 describe the further linking together of individual genecassettes in unique combinations, along with suitable selectable markercassettes, in order to obtain the desired phenotypic expression.Although this is done mainly using different restriction enzymes sites,one skilled in the art can appreciate that a number of techniques can beutilized to achieve the desired promoter/gene/transcription terminatorcombination. In so doing, any combination of embryo-specificpromoter/gene/transcription terminator cassettes can be achieved. Oneskilled in the art can also appreciate that these cassettes can belocated on individual DNA fragments or on multiple fragments whereco-expression of genes is the outcome of co-transformation of multipleDNA fragments.

TABLE 8 Seed-specific Promoters Promoter Organism Promoter Referenceβ-conglycinin α′-subunit soybean Beachy et al., EMBO J. 4: 3047-3053(1985) kunitz trypsin inhibitor soybean Jofuku et al., Plant Cell 1:1079-1093 (1989) Annexin soybean WO 2004/071467 glycinin Gy1 soybean WO2004/071467 albumin 2S soybean U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,613 legumin A1 peaRerie et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 225: 148-157 (1991) β-conglycininβ-subunit soybean WO 2004/071467 BD30 (also called P34) soybean WO2004/071467 legumin A2 pea Rerie et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 225: 148-157(1991)

TABLE 9 Transcription Terminators Transcription Terminator OrganismReference phaseolin 3′ bean WO 2004/071467 kunitz trypsin inhibitor 3′soybean WO 2004/071467 BD30 (also called P34) 3′ soybean WO 2004/071467legumin A2 3′ pea WO 2004/071467 albumin 2S 3′ soybean WO 2004/071467

TABLE 10 PUFA Biosynthetic Pathway Genes Gene Organism Reference delta-6desaturase Saprolegnia diclina WO 2002/081668 delta-6 desaturaseMortierella alpina U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,809 elongase Mortierella alpinaWO 2000/12720 U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,349 delta-5 desaturase Mortierellaalpina U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,183 delta-5 desaturase Saprolegnia diclina WO2002/081668 delta-5 desaturase Peridinium sp. U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/801,119 delta-5 desaturase Euglena gracilis U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/801,172 delta-15 desaturase Fusarium WO2005/047479 moniliforme delta-17 desaturase Saprolegnia diclina WO2002/081668 elongase Thraustochytrium WO 2002/08401 aureum U.S. Pat. No.6,677,145 elongase Pavlova sp. Pereira et al., Biochem. J. 384: 357-366(2004) delta-4 desaturase Schizochytrium WO 2002/090493 aggregatum U.S.Pat. No. 7,045,683 delta-4 desaturase Isochrysis galbana WO 2002/090493U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,683 delta-4 desaturase Thraustochytrium WO2002/090493 aureum U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,683 delta-4 desaturase Euglenagracilis U.S. Patent Application No. 10/552,127 delta-9 elongaseIsochrysis galbana WO 2002/077213 delta-9 elongase Euglena gracilis U.S.Patent Application No. 11/601,563 delta-9 elongase Eutreptiella sp. U.S.Patent Application No. CCMP389 11/601,564 delta-8 desaturase Euglenagracilis WO 2000/34439 U.S. Pat. No. 6,825,017 WO 2004/057001 WO2006/012325 delta-8 desaturase Acanthamoeba Sayanova et al., FEBS Lett.castellanii 580: 1946-1952 (2006) delta-8 desaturase Pavlova salina WO2005/103253 delta-8 desaturase Pavlova lutheri U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/795,810 delta-8 desaturase Tetruetreptia U.S.Provisional Application pomquetensis No. 60/853,563 CCMP1491 delta-8desaturase Eutreptiella sp. U.S. Provisional Application CCMP389 No.60/853,563 delta-8 desaturase Eutreptiella U.S. Provisional Applicationcf_gymnastica No. 60/853,563 CCMP1594

Example 9 Synthesis of a Codon-Optimized Delta-5 Desaturase Gene forYarrowia lipolytica (EaD5S)

The codon usage of the delta-5 desaturase gene (EaD5) of Euglenaanabaena was optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica, in amanner similar to that described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101753.Specifically, a codon-optimized delta-5 desaturase gene (designatedEaD5S″, SEQ ID NO:45) was designed based on the coding sequence ofEaD5Des1 (SEQ ID NOs:12 and 13), according to the Yarrowia codon usagepattern (PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101753), the consensus sequencearound the ‘ATG’ translation initiation codon, and the general rules ofRNA stability (Guhaniyogi, G. and J. Brewer, Gene 265(1-2):11-23(2001)). In addition to modification of the translation initiation site,183 by of the 1362 by coding region were modified (13.4%) and 174 codonswere optimized (38.3%). The GC content was reduced from 57.6% within thewild type gene (i.e., EaD5Des1) to 54.6% within the synthetic gene(i.e., EaD5S). A NcoI site and NotI sites were incorporated around thetranslation initiation codon and after the stop codon of EaD5S (SEQ IDNO:45), respectively. FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C show a comparison of thenucleotide sequences of EaD5Des1 (SEQ ID NO:12) and EaD5S (SEQ IDNO:45). The codon optimized EaD5S gene did not change any amino acidsequence of EaD5Des1 (SEQ ID NO:13). The designed EaD5S gene wassynthesized by GenScript Corporation (Piscataway, N.J.) and cloned intopUC57 (GenBank Accession No. Y14837) to generate pEaD5S (SEQ ID NO:46;FIG. 9).

Based on the teachings herein concerning vector construction andsuitable promoter and terminators for use in Yarrowia lipolytica, one ofskill in the art will be able to construct additional plasmids suitablefor expression of EaD5S (SEQ ID NO:45).

Example 10 Functional Analysis of the Euglena anabaena UTEX 373 Delta-5Desaturase (EaD5Des1) Co-Expressed with a Delta-9 Elongase Derived fromEuglena gracilis (EgD9e) a Delta-8 Desaturase Derived from Euglenagracilis (EgD8) and a Delta-17 Desaturase from Saprolegnia diclina inSoy Somatic Embryos

The present example describes the transformation and expression insoybean somatic embryos of pKR1153 (SEQ ID NO:44; Example 5) comprisingEaD5Des1, EgD9e and EgD8 along with pKR328 (described in PCT PublicationNo. WO 04/071467) comprising the Saprolegnia diclina delta-17 desaturaseSdD17 under control of the annexin promoter and having a hygromycinresistance gene for selection in plants.

Soybean embryogenic suspension culture (cv. Jack) was transformed withpKR1153 (SEQ ID NO:44) and pKR328, and embryos were matured in soybeanhistodifferentiation and maturation liquid medium (SHaM liquid media;Schmidt et al., Cell Biology and Morphogenesis, 24:393 (2005)) asdescribed in Example 6 and previously described in PCT Publication No.WO 2007/136877 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference).

After maturation in SHaM liquid media, a subset of transformed soybeanembryos (i.e., 5 embryos per event) were harvested and analyzed forfatty acid profiles by GC as described in Example 7 and herein.

In this way, approximately 30 events transformed with pKR1153 and pKR328(Experiment MSE2140) were analyzed, and the ten events having thehighest average correct delta-5 desaturase activities (average of the 5embryos analyzed) are shown in FIG. 11.

In FIG. 11, fatty acids are identified as 16:0 (palmitate), 18:0(stearic acid), 18:1 (oleic acid), LA, ALA, EDA, SCI, DGLA, ARA, ERA,JUP, ETA and EPA. Fatty acid compositions for an individual embryo wereexpressed as the weight percent (wt. %) of total fatty acids and theaverage fatty acid composition is an average of six individual embryosfor each event.

The activity of the delta-5 desaturase is expressed as percent delta-5desaturation (“% delta-5 desat”), calculated according to the followingformula: ([product]/[substrate+product])*100. More specifically, thepercent delta-5 desaturation was determined as:([ARA+EPA]/[DGLA+ETA+ARA+EPA])*100.

1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising: (a) a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having delta-5 desaturase activity, wherein thepolypeptide has at least 80% amino acid identity, based on the Clustal Vmethod of alignment, when compared to an amino acid sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:13; (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptidehaving delta-5 desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence hasat least 80% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of alignment,when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; (c)a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-5 desaturaseactivity, wherein the nucleotide sequence hybridizes under stringentconditions to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12; or (d)a complement of the nucleotide sequence of (a), (b) or (c), wherein thecomplement and the nucleotide sequence consist of the same number ofnucleotides and are 100% complementary.
 2. The polypeptide of claim 1,wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 85%sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, whencompared to SEQ ID NO:13.
 3. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein theamino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 90% sequenceidentity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared toSEQ ID NO:13.
 4. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the amino acidsequence of the polypeptide has at least 95% sequence identity, based onthe Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:13.
 5. Thepolynucleotide of claim 1 wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises SEQID NO:12.
 6. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the amino acidsequence of the polypeptide comprises (a) SEQ ID NO:13; or (b) an aminoacid sequence that differs from the amino acid sequences in (a) by atleast one conservative amino acid substitution.
 7. The polynucleotide ofclaim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide comprisesSEQ ID NO:13.
 8. A recombinant DNA construct comprising thepolynucleotide of claim 1, 5, 6 or 7 operably linked to at least oneregulatory sequence.
 9. A plant cell comprising in its genome therecombinant DNA construct of claim
 8. 10. A method for transforming aplant cell, comprising transforming a plant cell with the recombinantconstruct of claim 8 and selecting those plant cells transformed withthe recombinant construct of claim
 8. 11. A method for producing atransformed plant comprising transforming a plant cell with thepolynucleotide of claim 1, 5, 6 or 7 and regenerating a plant from thetransformed plant cell.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the plant isa soybean plant.
 13. A transgenic seed comprising in its genome therecombinant construct of claim
 8. 14. A transgenic seed obtained fromthe plant made by the method of claim 11 or
 12. 15. Oil or by-productsobtained from the seed of claim
 13. 16. Oil or by-products obtained fromthe seed of claim
 14. 17. A method for making long-chain polyunsaturatedfatty acids in a plant cell comprising: (a) transforming a plant cellwith the recombinant construct of claim 8; and (b) selecting thosetransformed plant cells that make long-chain polyunsaturated fattyacids.
 18. A method for producing at least one polyunsaturated fattyacid in an oilseed plant cell comprising: (a) transforming an oilseedplant cell with a first recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolatedpolynucleotide encoding at least one delta-5 desaturase polypeptide,operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence and at least oneadditional recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolatedpolynucleotide, operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence,encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a delta-4desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-8desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16)elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase and a C_(20/22)elongase; (b) regenerating an oilseed plant from the transformed cell ofstep (a); and (c) selecting those seeds obtained from the plants of step(b) having an altered level of polyunsaturated fatty acids when comparedto the level in seeds obtained from a nontransformed oilseed plant. 19.The method of claim 18 wherein the oilseed plant is selected from thegroup consisting of soybean, Brassica species, sunflower, maize, cotton,flax, and safflower.
 20. An oilseed plant comprising in its genome therecombinant construct of claim
 8. 21. An oilseed plant comprising: (a) afirst recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolated polynucleotideencoding at least one delta-5 desaturase polypeptide, operably linked toat least one regulatory sequence; and (b) at least one additionalrecombinant DNA construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide,operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, encoding apolypeptide selected from the group consisting of a delta-4 desaturase,a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase, adelta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, adelta-9 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, aC_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase and a C_(20/22) elongase. 22.The oilseed plant of claim 20 or 21, wherein the oilseed plant isselected from the group consisting of soybean, Brassica species,sunflower, maize, cotton, flax and safflower.
 23. A transgenic seedobtained from the oilseed plant of claim
 20. 24. A transgenic seedobtained from the oilseed plant of claim
 21. 25. Oil or by-productsobtained from the seed of claim
 23. 26. Oil or by-products obtained fromthe seed of claim
 24. 27. Oil obtained by the method of claim 17 or 18.28. Food or feed which incorporates the oil of claim
 25. 29. Food orfeed which incorporates the oil of claim
 26. 30. Food or feed whichincorporates the oil of claim
 27. 31. Food or feed comprising the seedof claim
 23. 32. Food or feed comprising the seed of claim
 24. 33. Foodor feed comprising an ingredient derived from the processing of theseeds of claim
 23. 34. Food or feed comprising an ingredient derivedfrom the processing of the seed of claim
 24. 35. The oil or by-productsof claim 25 wherein the by-product is lecithin.
 36. The oil orby-products of claim 26 wherein the by-product is lecithin.
 37. Progenyplants obtained from obtained from the plant made by the method of claim11 or
 12. 38. Progeny plants obtained from the oilseed plant of claim 20or 21.